ملاحظات
الفصل الثاني: أساليب الحوسبة
(1)
Davis
(2012).
الفصل الرابع: علوم الكمبيوتر
(1)
Mahoney
(2011).
(2)
Newell, Perlis, and
Simon (1967).
(3)
Simon
(1969).
(4)
Knuth (1974,
1985).
(5)
Dijkstra
(1974).
(6)
Forsythe
(1968).
(7)
Knuth
(1985).
(8)
Guzdial
(2014).
(9)
Arden
(1980).
(10)
In his talk A Logical
Revolution, Moshe
Vardi describes the changing role and
perceptions of logic in the field of
computing, including the 1980s
gloominess over what computers cannot
do.
الفصل الخامس: هندسة البرمجيات
(1)
Niklaus Wirth, software
pioneer and the designer of the
popular language Pascal, gives an
excellent account of the development
of programming practices and their
supporting languages (Wirth
2008).
(2)
Stokes
(1997).
(3)
Wilkes, in Metropolis,
Howlett, and Rota
(1980).
(4)
Wirth
(2008).
(5)
Dijkstra
(1980).
(6)
Saltzer and
Schroeder
(1975).
(7)
Alexander
(1979).
(8)
Gamma et al.
(1994).
(9)
Lampson
(1983).
(10)
The levels principle
was first used by Edsger Dijkstra
in 1968 to organize the software
of an operating system. It
facilitated a correctness proof
of the system because each level
depended only on its components
and the correctness of the lower
levels, but not the higher
levels. The discipline of
designing a system as levels
leads to much smaller and more
easily verified
systems.
الفصل السادس: التصميم لتلبية احتياجات الإنسان
(1)
Forsythe
(1966).
(2)
Grudin
(1990).
(3)
Leveson
(1995).
(4)
Parnas and Denning
(2018).
(5)
Winograd
(1983).
(6)
Denning
(2016).
الفصل السابع: العلوم الحوسبيَّة
(1)
Baltimore
(2001).
(2)
Wilson
(1989).
(3)
Baltimore
(2001).
(4)
For the more
mathematically inclined, the
Mandelbrot set is the points in
the complex plane at which the
series of values of a function
converges. A complex number is
represented as
, where
and
. The equation of
the series is
where
and
c are complex
numbers. Having chosen a value of
c, compute a series
of
starting
with
. (You
may need to go to an algebra
refresher for algorithms to
multiply complex numbers.) If the
sequence
converges (stays within a short
radius of c for all n),
color the chosen value of
c black. If it
diverges color c blue
or yellow. Now repeat this for
all c points on a
grid.
الفصل الثامن: تعليم التفكير الحوسبي للجميع
(1)
Wing
(2006).
(2)
Tedre, Simon, and Malmi
(2018).
(3)
Minsky
(1970).
(4)
Knuth
(1974).
(5)
Bolter
(1984).
(6)
Abelson and Sussman
(1996).
(7)
Guzdial
(2015).
(8)
Denning
(2017).
(9)
See
http://csfieldguide.org.nz and
http://csunplugged.org.
الفصل التاسع: مستقبل الحوسبة
(1)
Denning and Lewis
(2017).
(2)
McGeoch
(2014).
(3)
See Walter Tichy’s
interview with Catherine McGeoch,
Ubiquity July 2017,
for a worked example of an Ising
equation and its encoding into a form
for the D-wave machine to solve,
https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=3084688.
(4)
Adleman
(1994).
(5)
Kurzweil
(2006).
(6)
Wolfram
(2002).
(7)
In April 2016, Scientific
American magazine
reported on a symposium of physicists
and philosophers discussing the
whole-world-is-computer hypothesis,
giving the impression that they take
more delight in entertaining
themselves with the hypothesis than
in the hypothesis itself. See
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/.
