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قراءاتٌ إضافية

ليس هناك نهاية للاحتمالات المفتوحة أمام البحث المُستفيض في مجموعة من التفسيرات والتطبيقات بمجال علم البيئة الواسع النطاق. وتعكس اقتراحاتي الفضفاضة هنا الموضوعات التي قُمت بتغطيتها في هذا الكُتيِّب، البعيدة بكل وضوح عن الشمولية. ولقد وقع اختياري على عددٍ من الكتب والمقالات التي تندرج تحت ثلاث فئات رئيسية: فئة تُمثِّل معالم كلاسيكية في تطوُّر التخصُّص الإيكولوجي ولا تزال تُمثِّل إرثًا دائمًا، وفئة تُمثل معالجات للمفاهيم العامة الثَّرية بالمعلومات المفيدة ويسهل الوصول إليها، وفئة تُمثِّل الاتجاه السائد في الكتب الدراسية التي ربما تعتمدها المُقرَّرات الجامعية النموذجية لعلم البيئة.

الفصل الأول: ما هو علم البيئة؟

  • Beeby, A. and Brennan, A.-M. (2004) First Ecology: Ecological Principles and Environmental Issues. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 318 pages.
    A good introductory text to ecological science.
  • Begon, M., Townsend, C. R., and Harper, J. L. (2005) Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. 4th edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 750 pages.
    A long-standing textbook for undergraduate ecological courses, and rather more comprehensive than Beeby & Brennan. Not exactly entertaining reading, but highly informative, especially on ecology as a theoretical and experimental science.
  • Hagen, J. B. (1992) An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystems Ecology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 245 pages.
    Accessible and well-written book on ecological theory, as traced through its historical development since 1900, albeit with a North American bias.
  • Scheiner, S. M. and Willig, M. R. (eds) (2011) The Theory of Ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 416 pages.
    The science of ecology has a strong theoretical basis, although this can be difficult to discern. The Theory of Ecology is a series of contributions that aims to convey theoretical clarity and structure to ecological theory.

الفصل الثاني: بداية علم البيئة

  • Anderson, J. G. T. (2013) Deep Things out of Darkness: A History of Natural History. University of California Press, Berkeley.
    Evaluates the role of natural history in the development of ecological science and environmental discourse, and argues for the need for natural history in our current era of environmental change.
  • Clements, F. E. (1936) Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24: 252–84.
    Frederic Clements’s perspective on succession as a developmental process whose final stage, the climax formation, is determined primarily by regional climate, with all other types of vegetation formations constituting stages of development on the path towards the climax state. While this view is no longer accepted, the concept of a successional process remains highly relevant and influential.
  • Connell, J. H. (1961) The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42: 710–23.
    A seminal study on how competition among two species, coupled with their different proclivities to local physical conditions, can shape their distributions.
  • Elton, C. (1927) Animal Ecology. Macmillan Press, New York.
    An early classic text in which Elton defined some of the foundational ecological concepts, including that of an ecological community interpreted through the trophic interactions that occur between its living components.
  • Hutchinson, G. E. (1957) Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbour Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22: 415–27.
    The paper that formalized the definition of an ecological niche.
  • Hutchinson, G. E. (1959) Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals? The American Naturalist 93: 145–59.
    Addresses the issue of how species avoid competitive exclusion to coexist within a seemingly similar environment.
  • Kricher, J. (2009) The Balance of Nature: Ecology’s Enduring Myth. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 256 pages.
    Very readable exploration of the history of ecology with particular emphasis on the debate regarding concepts of self-regulation in ecological systems.
  • Worster, D. (1994) Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 526 pages.
    An excellent history of the field of ecosystem ecology.

الفصل الثالث: الجماعات

  • Hanski, I. (1999) Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    A thorough synthesis of research on metapopulations, drawing on the author’s own research on the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Includes discussion of the relevance of metapopulation ideas to conservation biology.
  • Rockwood, L. L. (2015) Introduction to Population Ecology, 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 378 pages.
    A textbook treatment of population ecology, drawing on a wide array of examples and experiments to explore the fundamental laws of population ecology, including the role of interactions such as competition, mutualism, predation, and herbivory.
  • Vandermeer, J. H. and Goldberg, D. E. (2013) Population Ecology: First Principles. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 263 pages.
    A quantitative approach that presents some of the mathematical and theoretical foundations underlying the structure and dynamics of populations.

الفصل الرابع: المجتمعات

  • Bronstein, J. L. (ed.) (2015) Mutualism. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 320 pages.
    An authoritative perspective on the ecology and evolution of mutualisms.
  • Eichhorn, M. P. (2016) Natural Systems: The Organisation of Life. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 392 pages.
    A textbook treatment that encompasses the links between ecology, biodiversity, and biogeography.
  • Estes, J. A. (2016) Serendipity: An Ecologist’s Quest to Understand Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley. 256 pages.
    James Estes’s personal narrative on a fifty-year research career on trophic cascade ecology, based on his field studies on the Aleutian Islands examining relationships among kelp forests, sea otters, sea urchins, and killer whales.
  • Pimm, S. L. (1991) The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 448 pages.
    Stuart Pimm provides an ecological critique and analysis of widely used terms such as ‘stability’, ‘balance of nature’, and ‘resilience’, and places the interpretation of these terms in the context of the food web structures and the physical environment.
  • Silvertown, J. (2005) Demons in Eden: The Paradox of Plant Diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 169 pages.
    In this very readable book, Silvertown links ecological and evolutionary processes to understand the emergence and maintenance of plant diversity through the interacting effects of environmental conditions, species competition, predation, and dispersal.

الفصل الخامس: أسئلة بسيطة وإجابات مُعقَّدة

  • Colinvaux, P. (1978) Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare: An Ecologist’s Perspective. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 256 pages.
    An outstanding collection of essays that delve into many ecological and biological ideas, of which Why Big Fierce Animals Are Rare is but one. The book covers many big ideas in ecology, including ecosystems, habitats, communities, niches, associations, and animal population dynamics.
  • Connell, J. H. (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: P. J. Den Boer and G. R. Gradwell (eds), Dynamics of Population. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Janzen, D. H. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. The American Naturalist 104: 501–28.
    Dan Janzen and Joseph Connell independently formulated the idea that density-dependent processes mediated by natural enemies, such as seed predators, could maintain species coexistence. The subsequently named Janzen–Connell model continues to be highly influential and a widely accepted mechanism explaining high species diversity in the tropics.
  • Sherratt, T. N. and Wilkinson, D. M. (2009) Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 312 pages.
    Following the spirit of Colinvaux’s book Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare, Sherratt and Wilkinson’s book considers a range of fundamental ecological and evolutionary questions that continue to be discussed and debated.

الفصل السادس: علم البيئة التطبيقي

  • Baskin, Y. (2003) A Plague of Rats and Rubbervines: The Growing Threat of Species Invasions. Island Press, London. 330 pages.
    An engaging exploration of invasive alien species and the problems they have caused across the world, and the efforts invested in trying to control them.
  • Gunderson, L. H., Allen, C. R., and Holling, C. S. (eds) (2012) Foundations of Ecological Resilience. Island Press, Washington, DC. 496 pages.
    Ecological resilience theory provides a basis for understanding how complex systems adapt to and recover from disturbances. Foundations of Ecological Resilience is a collection of some of the most influential articles on ecological resilience.
  • Newman, E. I. (2001) Applied Ecology and Environmental Management. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 408 pages.
  • Townsend, C. R. (2007) Ecological Applications: Toward a Sustainable World. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. 328 pages.
    Two books that describe and present issues in the realm of environmental management and sustainability, drawing on ecological theory at individual, populations, and community levels.
  • Wilson, E. O. (1988) Biodiversity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
    An edited volume with contributions on the current threats to biodiversity, its value, and practical and policy approaches to conserving and restoring biodiversity.

الفصل السابع: علم البيئة من منظور ثقافي

  • Berkes, F. (2008) Sacred Ecology. 2nd edition. Routledge, Abingdon. 313 pages.
    Describes and evaluates the contributions of traditional ecological knowledge to natural resource management. Reflects growing interest in alternative ecological visions and insights from indigenous resource use practices, and the need to develop a new ecological ethic by drawing on a wide range of traditions.
  • Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 378 pages.
    ‘Every once in a while in the history of mankind, a book has appeared which has substantially altered the course of history’: Senator Ernest Gruening of Alaska. He was referring to Silent Spring.
  • Leopold, A. (1949) A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 226 pages.
    Little more than a series of personal thoughts and reflections of nature and our interactions with it, yet immensely powerful and influential, contributing greatly to the development of modern conservation science, policy, and ethics.
  • Lovelock, J. (1979) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 148 pages.
    A much debated but classic work that continues to inspire many and aggravate some. James Lovelock argues that life on earth functions as if it were a single self-organizing organism.
  • Naess, A. (1989) Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated and edited by D. Rothenberg. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 223 pages.
    Naess argues that environmental issues are framed by the values of people and society, and that such values are shaped by ethical considerations. He advocates that we should conceive ourselves as part of the world whereby the value of life and nature is intrinsic to our being, an approach based on ‘deep ecological principles’.

الفصل الثامن: مستقبل علم البيئة

  • Dayton, P. K. (2003) The importance of the natural sciences to conservation. American Naturalist 162: 1–13.
    A comprehensive argument calling to reinstate basic knowledge of natural history in science courses to enable meaningful understanding of, and action for, environmental management and conservation.
  • Devictor, V., van Swaay, C., Brereton, T., Brotons, L., Chamberlain, D., Heliölä, S., Herrando, J., Julliard, R., Kuussaari, M., Lindström, Å., Reif, J., Roy, D. B., Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Stefanescu, C., Van Strien, A., Van Turnhout, C., Vermouzek, Z., WallisDeVries, M., Wynhoff, I., and Jiguet F. (2012) Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale. Nature Climate Change 2: 121–4.
    A paper that compared the rates at which bird and butterfly communities could keep up with temperature change across Europe. Concludes that both birds and butterflies are not able to keep up with temperature increases, implying the accumulation of ‘climatic debts’ for these groups at continental scales.
  • Hampton, S. E., Strasser, C. A, Tewksbury, J. J., Gram, W. K., Budden, A. E., Batcheller, A. L., Duke, C. S., and Porter, J. H. (2013) Big data and the future of ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11: 156–62.
    Ecologists are generating increasingly large volumes of data by a variety of means, but there is little collective planning on how such data are curated. This article advocates that if ecologists are to address large-scale complex questions of the future, they will need to organize and archive data for posterity, share their data freely, and participate in collaborations among scientists and the wider public.

كتب أخرى عن موضوعات لم يستطع هذا الكتاب تناولها تفصيلًا، وتشمل:

  • Brown, J. H. (1995) Macroecology. Chicago University Press, Chicago. 269 pages.
    Ecological processes give rise to patterns in nature, but mostly these have been explored at relatively small spatial scales that are amenable to observation and experimentation. The field of macroecology extends the discipline to much larger spatial and temporal scales, to explore patterns of life across the globe.
  • Crawley, M. J. (ed.) (1997) Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 736 pages.
    An excellent edited collection of contributions that encompasses broad themes in plant ecology, including ecophysiology, population dynamics, community structure, ecosystem function, herbivory, sex, dispersal, global warming, pollution, and biodiversity.
  • Ghazoul, J. and Sheil, D. (2010) Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 516 pages.
    An introduction to the tropical rainforests of the world, their species diversity, and the richness of ecological interactions that sustain them.
  • Whittaker, R. J. (1998) Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 285 pages.
    Biogeography has its roots in ecology. Island biogeography theory was originally developed by Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson as the Theory of Island Biogeography (1967) to explain the species richness and dynamics of islands. This topic has become very influential in conservation theory, and especially in the debate on the size and number of protected areas.
  • With, K. A. (2019) Essentials of Landscape Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 656 pages.
    Landscape ecology is the science that investigates ecological processes and patterns in natural and human structured landscapes across a wide range of scales.
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