ملاحظات

الجزء الأول: إنديرا نهرو

الفصل الأول: الخروج من كشمير

(1)

Pankaj Mishra has suggested that Indian security forces were in fact responsible for this massacre and that its rationale was to discredit Pakistan and Pakistani support of Islamic militants in Kashmir, Guardian, 14 October 2000.

(2)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(3)

Bradnock, Robert W., ‘Regional Geopolitics in a Globalising World: Kashmir in Geopolitical Perspective,’ Geopolitics, 3, no. 2 (Autumn 1998), p. 14.

(4)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 1.

(5)

Ibid.

(6)

Harijan (which means ‘children of God’) was the term chosen by Mohandas Gandhi for ‘untouchables’—those outside the ancient Hindu caste system. There are approximately 3,000 Hindu jatis or castes which are loosely grouped into four classes or varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaisyas (merchants, traders, farmers), Sudras (artisans, labourers, servants). Notions of pollution and purification are central to the caste system; each caste has its own dietary habits, customs, fixed place in the social and religious hierarchy, and traditional occupations. After independence, the Constituent Assembly of India abolished the caste system and made use of the term ‘untouchable’ and the disabilities associated with it illegal. Caste, however, is still important in traditional and rural life. The sweepers at Anand Bhawan, according to Hindu practice, were segregated from other members of the household. But this was the only instance of caste rules being observed at Anand Bhawan. Motilal and later Jawaharlal Nehru’s valet, Hari Lal, was an untouchable and mixed freely with the family, as did various other untouchable servants, including cooks.

(7)

Nehru, op. cit., p. 25.

(8)

Ibid., p. 20.

(9)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, I, pp. 92-3, p. 97.

(10)

Nehru, op. cit., p. 28.

(11)

The view that Kamala was a cipher and Nehru’s marriage to her a disaster is a commonplace of Nehru biography, especially among biographers such as Stanley Wolpert who make much of Nehru’s later relationship with Edwina Mountbatten. The idea that Jawaharlal and Kamala were woefully unsuited to each other is also held by many Nehru family members who witnessed the marriage, including B. K. Nehru, Nayantara Sahgal and her sister Chandralekha Mehta. I, however, have relied on Nehru’s own reflections on his wife and marriage. His book The Discovery of India, his letters and his prison diaries, all paint a quite different picture of his feelings for Kamala. Though most of these were written after her death and thus tinged with grief, regret and longing, they nevertheless reveal that Nehru loved his wife deeply and that he also respected, admired and was even sometimes awed by her.

(12)

Nehru, op. cit., p. 37.

(13)

Ibid., p. 38.

(14)

Ibid.

(15)

Ibid., p. 39.

الفصل الثاني: حدث بالفعل

(1)

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, The Scope of Happiness, p. 57.

(2)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 1.

(3)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History, p. 2.

(4)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, pp. 268-9.

(5)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 13.

(6)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 53.

(7)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old Letters, p. 1.

(8)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(9)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 15.

(10)

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, op. cit., p. 173.

(11)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 53.

(12)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 51.

(13)

Ibid., p. 77.

(14)

Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 16 September 1920, Nehru Library.

(15)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 80. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(16)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, p. 232.

(17)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 80.

(18)

Ibid., p. 80.

(19)

Brown, Judith M., Gandhi, p. 100.

(20)

Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p. 17.

(21)

Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, I, p. 221.

(22)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 1, p. 282.

(23)

Ibid., p. 349.

(24)

Jawaharlal Nehru to Indira Nehru, 15 November 1922, Nehru Library.

(25)

Nanda, B. R., The Nehrus, p. 201.

(26)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 14.

(27)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 12.

(28)

Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru, p. 143.

(29)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 15, p. 68.

(30)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 14.

(31)

Ibid., p. 10.

(32)

Her husband’s family changed her name from Sarup Kumari Nehru to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, but family members and friends continued to call her Nan.

(33)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(34)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, pp. 2-3.

(35)

Ibid., p. 7.

(36)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 124.

(37)

Ibid., p. 134.

(38)

Ibid., p. 102.

(39)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old Letters, p. 42.

(40)

Anand Bhawan Museum, Allahabad.

(41)

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru I, p. 87.

الفصل الثالث: تتنفس مع حركة كعبها

(1)

Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, V, p. 31.

(2)

Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 20 May 1926, Nehru Library.

(3)

Jawaharlal Nehru was an inept manager of money throughout his life. As a young man in England he was extravagant and ran up debts. From the twenties onwards he led a simple, frugal existence but still managed to live beyond his means. Motilal Nehru threatened to leave all his money to Kamala and Indira because of his son’s inability to keep track of and control his finances. (In the event, Motilal died intestate so that Jawaharlal was his heir.) Well into his tenure as Prime Minister Jawaharlal was selling off his father’s things in order to remain afloat. Much of his later financial difficulties, however, were due to the great expense of running Anand Bhawan and paying the wages and pensions of its numerous servants.

(4)

Bryder, Linda, Below the Magic Mountain, pp. 191-2.

(5)

Brecher, Michael, Nehru: A Political Biography, p. 105.

(6)

Kumar, Ravinder and Panigrahi, D. N. (eds.), op. cit., V, p. 64.

(7)

Ibid., p. 109, p. 122.

(8)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom: Nehru’s Letters to His Sister, p. 82.

(9)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 149.

(10)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(11)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 19.

(12)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 19.

(13)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 52.

(14)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 35.

(15)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 1, pp. 384-5.

(16)

Ibid.

(17)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 76.

(18)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 35.

(19)

Ibid., p. 36.

(20)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 10.

(21)

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru, II, p. 241.

(22)

Ibid., p. 243.

(23)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 91, p. 94.

(24)

Thurre, Pascal, Crans-Montana, p. 34.

(25)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 13.

(26)

Ibid.

(27)

Many of the places Indira visited in Paris, London and Heidelberg in 1926 are mentioned by Nehru in Letters from a Father to His Daughter.

(28)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, pp. 8-9.

(29)

Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p. 57.

(30)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 17.

(31)

Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 187.

(32)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 59.

(33)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 15.

(34)

Ibid., p. 25.

(35)

Datta, V. N., and Cleghorn, B. E., (eds.), Nationalist Muslim and Indian Politics: Being the Selected Correspondence of the late Dr Syed Mahmud, p. 74.

(36)

Ibid., p. 77.

(37)

Ibid., p. 32.

(38)

Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., p. 74. Sarvepalli Gopal says that Nehru did not meet Krishna Menon until 1936, op. cit., I, p. 202. when Marie Seton first met Krishna Menon in 1932, however, he said to her, ‘The only man to lead India into the modern world is Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi can’t do this. Nehru has a modern scientific mind.’ This would seem to indicate that Krishna Menon had met Nehru, as Hutheesing claims, in 1926. Menon came to England in 1924, Marie Seton, Panditji, p. 66.

(39)

Datta, V. N., and Cleghorn, B. E. (eds.), op. cit., p. 70.

(40)

Ibid.

(41)

Ibid., p. 73.

(42)

Ibid.

(43)

Ibid., p. 79.

(44)

Ibid.

(45)

Ibid., p. 81.

(46)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 38.

(47)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 166.

الفصل الرابع: الولد إندو

(1)

Brecher, Michael, Nehru: A Political Biography, p. 122.

(2)

British dominions such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, were self-ruling, autonomous states, but they remained formally allied to the Empire and recognized the British monarch as their sovereign. In the late 1940s, newly independent states such as India, considered ‘dominion status’ to be a position of subordination. With the dismantling of the British Empire, former dominions became known as ‘members of the British Commonwealth’, and were not obligated to swear allegiance to the British Crown. Instead, the King or Queen was recognized as the head of the Commonwealth.

(3)

In 1997 the Principal of St Mary’s, Sister Carola, told me that Indian pupils were not officially admitted to the school until after independence in 1947. Before that, they were unofficially tolerated but were removed during school inspections.

(4)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 13.

(5)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 17.

(6)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 18.

(7)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, pp. 76-7.

(8)

Ibid.

(9)

French, Patrick, Liberty or Death, p. 50.

(10)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 180.

(11)

Nehru, B. K., op. cit., p. 76.

(12)

Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 136.

(13)

Jawaharlal Nehru’s medical report on Kamala Nehru, Nehru Library.

(14)

Quoted in Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru: An Intimate Biography, p. 39.

(15)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(16)

Author’s interviews with Chandralekha Mehta and Nayantara Sahgal.

(17)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 38.

(18)

Letters from a Father to His Daughter. was originally published in English by the Allahabad publisher Kitabistan in 1930. It was soon translated into Hindi and Urdu and read by thousands of school children in India. In 1939 Nehru wrote to Indira that ‘the little book … has become quite a gold mine, though I am not going to profit by it. It is becoming a textbook in many provinces … and vast numbers have been printed.’ Nehru discovered that Kitabistan had made 20,000 rupees out of it, of which a mere 2,500 rupees had ‘trickled’ down to him. But rather than negotiate for a profit, he gave the rights to provincial governments and universities ‘on condition that the book was issued at a very low price’, Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 448. The book has not been out of print in India since it first appeared in 1930.

(19)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Letters from a Father to His Daughter, p. 1.

(20)

Ibid., p. 40.

(21)

Ibid., p. 50.

(22)

Nine years earlier Motilal Nehru had also been elected President of the 1919 Amritsar Congress. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, began as a pressure group, petitioning the British government for political and administrative reforms. In the twenties and thirties it spearheaded the movement for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Nehrus. When provincial self-government was introduced in 1935, Congress became the governing political party in most of the states in India. With independence, it emerged as the ruling party of India. The President of Congress is the elected leader of the organizational party consisting of voluntary members. After independence, there was also a parliamentary wing of Congress, consisting of elected Members of Parliament. The parliamentary party elected a leader who then became Prime Minister if Congress was in power or the opposition leader if it was not. It is possible for the same person to be Congress President of the organizational party and leader of the parliamentary party as Nehru was in the early years of his prime ministership.

(23)

Nanda, B. R., Jawaharlal Nehru: Rebel and Statesman, p. 304.

(24)

Some forty-five years later Siddhartha Shankar Ray would become one of Indira Gandhi’s most trusted advisers and an architect of the Emergency declaration of 1975. In 1972, when Siddhartha Shankar Ray was Chief Minister of West Bengal and Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister, another Congress session was held in Calcutta. Ray had a banana tree planted outside the bedroom window of the house Indira stayed in to remind her of her bananaeating feat in 1929. She told him that she had stuffed herself with bananas to counter the poor impression she knew she’d made—to prove her strength. Author’s interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray.

(25)

Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 134.

(26)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 79.

(27)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, pp. 194-5.

(28)

Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 138.

(29)

Nanda, B. R., op. cit., p. 324.

(30)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 189.

(31)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 612.

(32)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 22.

(33)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 203.

(34)

Ibid., p. 205.

(35)

Ibid., p. 207.

(36)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of India, p. 41.

(37)

Arnold Michaelis, ‘An interview with Indira Gandhi’, McCall’s Magazine, April 1966, p. 187.

(38)

Pande, B. N., Indira Gandhi, p. v, p. 31.

(39)

Sen, Ela, Indira Gandhi, pp. 28-9.

(40)

Nehru Library; translation in Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., pp. 27-8.

(41)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History, p. 58.

(42)

Ibid., p. 3.

(43)

Ibid., p. 274.

(44)

Ibid., p. 28.

(45)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 45.

(46)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 240.

(47)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 451.

(48)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History, p. 5.

(49)

Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., pp. 49-50.

(50)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 18.

(51)

Ibid., p. 39.

(52)

Kalhan, Promilla, op. cit., p. 69.

(53)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 246.

(54)

Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.

(55)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(56)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 247.

الفصل الخامس: ظهور فيروز في حياتها

(1)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 22. Even Indira Gandhi’s severest critics concede her extraordinary physical courage which seems to have had its seed in the humiliation she felt over this early episode.

(2)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 22. Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p. 21.

(3)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, p. 271.

(4)

Hutheesing, K. N. (ed.), Nehru’s Letters to His Sister, pp. 21-2.

(5)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of India, pp. 42–4.

(6)

Quoted in Aruna Asaf Ali, Private Face of a Public Person: A Study of Jawaharlal Nehru, pp. 33-4.

(7)

Hutheesing, K. N. (ed.), op. cit., p. 25.

(8)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 4, p. 558.

(9)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 22.

(10)

Pupul Jayakar, Indira Gandhi, pp. 44-5. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s daughters, Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha Mehta, maintain that this episode never happened. Their memory is that Indira felt herself ugly and they say that the remark that was most often made of her was not that she was ugly, but that ‘she was sickly’. Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha Mehta.

(11)

Coonverbai Vakil remained close to Indira for the rest of her pupil’s life and was one of the few people who stood up to her during the Emergency of 1975-6. She outlived Indira by eleven years, dying in 1995 at the age of ninety-nine.

(12)

Author’s interview with Ira Vakil Chaudhuri.

(13)

Gandhi, Shanta, ‘When Indira Was a Student’, Parthasarti, G., and Prasad, H. Y. (eds.), Indira Gandhi: Statesmen, Scholars, Scientists and Friends Remember, p. 185.

(14)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History, p. 327.

(15)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 5, p. 409.

(16)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 69.

(17)

The Ramakrishna Order was established by the followers of the nineteenth-century Bengali, Ramakrishna, who was a devotee of the Hindu goddess, Kali. Foremost among Ramakrishna’s disciples was Vivekenanda, who was widely known in the West, including America and Europe, where he travelled with his spiritual message. The mission was active in relief work in India and set up hospitals, schools, dispensaries and libraries all over the country. It continues to thrive today, with its Calcutta headquarters still at Belur Math, which Kamala Nehru and her daughter so often visited.

(18)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 52.

(19)

Ibid., p. 59.

(20)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 5, p. 454.

(21)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History, p. 949. Interestingly, though Nehru did not send any of the manuscript Glimpses letters to Indira, he did send a number of them to Gandhi who made editorial suggestions and urged Nehru to publish them. Despite its personal origin, the book was never meant solely for Indira; Nehru always had a much larger audience in mind.

(22)

Mahatma Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 9 October 1933, Nehru Library.

(23)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Autobiography, pp. 478-9.

(24)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 111.

(25)

Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 97.

(26)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, pp. 21-2.

(27)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., pp. 113-14.

(28)

Papers of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Also quoted in Pand, B. N., Nehru, p. 182.

(29)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 116, pp. 119-20.

(30)

Author’s interviews with Nayantara Sahgal and Chandralekha Mehta.

(31)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 118.

(32)

Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.

(33)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 248-9.

(34)

Dutta, Krishna and Robinson, Andrew, Rabindranath Tagore, p. 54, p. 323.

(35)

Gandhi, Indira, ‘Reminiscences of Tagore’, January 1961, Women on the March, published by the Women’s All-India Congress Committee, New Delhi.

(36)

Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew, op. cit., p. 332.

(37)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 122.

(38)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 17.

(39)

Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 120. Convocation Addresses at Visva-Bharati: The Common Pursuit, p. 86.

(40)

Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew, op. cit., p. 134, pp. 325-6.

(41)

Indira’s room at Sri Bhawan Ashram is now unoccupied and kept as a memorial to her with various photographs of her, both as a student and later as Chancellor of Santiniketan during the years when she was Prime Minister and gave the annual convocation address at Visva-Bharati.

(42)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, p. 267.

(43)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 133.

(44)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 463-4.

(45)

Ibid., p. 267.

(46)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 561.

(47)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp. 61-2.

(48)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 124-5.

(49)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., pp. 120-1.

(50)

Burrell, L. S. T., Artificial Pneumothorax.

(51)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 130.

(52)

Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.

(53)

Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi.

(54)

Ibid.

(55)

Ibid.

(56)

Ibid. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(57)

Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, p. 6. Bertil Falk’s interview with S. M. Jaffer, 1993.

(58)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, pp. 306-7, p. 310.

(59)

Ibid., pp. 312-3.

(60)

Ibid., pp. 320-1.

(61)

Nehru Library, quoted in Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 69.

(62)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 63.

(63)

Nehru’s ‘Note’ on Kamala Nehru, Nehru Library. Quoted also in ibid, p. III.

(64)

Kalhan, Promilla, Kamala Nehru, pp. 112-3.

(65)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 151.

(66)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old Letters, p. 105. The manuscript letter is in the Santiniketan Archives.

(67)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 158, p. 160.

(68)

Ibid., p. 163, p. 166.

(69)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 6, p. 364.

الفصل السادس: في الغابة السوداء

(1)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, p. 168.

(2)

Ibid., p. 169.

(3)

Ibid., p. 175.

(4)

Ibid., p. 173.

(5)

Ibid., p. 169.

(6)

Ibid., p. 176.

(7)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 6, p. 377.

(8)

Ibid., p. 382.

(9)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 180.

(10)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 28.

(11)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 190.

(12)

Ibid., pp. 182-3, p. 193.

(13)

Ibid., p. 198.

(14)

C. F. Andrews to Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru Library.

(15)

Ibid.

(16)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 215.

(17)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 76.

(18)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, pp. 78-9.

(19)

Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library, London.

(20)

Ibid.

(21)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p. 158.

(22)

Letter from Agatha Harrison to Mahatma Gandhi, 13 November 1935, Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library, London.

(23)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 173.

(24)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of India, p. 43.

(25)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), op. cit., p. 192.

(26)

Education Committee Minute Book, meeting held 6 November 1935, Somerville College Archives, Oxford.

(27)

La Pelouse Archives, Bex, Switzerland.

(28)

Brecher, Michael, Nehru, p. 210.

(29)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery of India, p. 45.

(30)

The only source for the Wengen reunion of Indira and Feroze Gandhi is Pupul Jayakar who apparently was told about it many years later by Indira. But Jayakar gives a very sketchy and inconclusive account of the episode in her biography, Indira Gandhi, pp. 79-80.

(31)

Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 93.

(32)

A. C. N. Nambiar’s account of Kamala’s opposition to a marriage between Indira and Feroze contradicts most biographical versions of Kamala’s feelings. Usually it is held that Kamala very much wanted Indira and Feroze to marry and made her wishes clear to them and Nehru before her death. Nambiar’s account is published in M. O. Mathai’s unreliable Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, but Nambiar himself is a trustworthy witness. He was alive when Mathai’s book was published in 1978, lived on until 1986, and he never denied the truth of the episode as it is recounted by Mathai.

(33)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 235-6.

(34)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 46.

(35)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 239.

(36)

Ibid., p. 240.

(37)

Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library, London.

(38)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, op. cit., p. 48.

(39)

Ibid.

الفصل السابع: خبيرة الفراق

(1)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, pp. 242-3.

(2)

Ibid., p. 246.

(3)

Ibid., pp. 253-4.

(4)

Ibid., p. 256.

(5)

Ibid., p. 261.

(6)

Ibid., p. 283.

(7)

Ibid., p. 271.

(8)

Ibid., p. 283.

(9)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 88.

(10)

Ibid., p. 86.

(11)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 293-4.

(12)

Ibid., p. 301.

(13)

Ibid., pp. 268-9.

(14)

Quoted in Parthasarthi, G. and Prasad, H. Y. Sharada (eds.), Indira Gandhi: Statesmen, Scholars, Scientists and Friends Remember, p. 308.

(15)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 31.

(16)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 285, p. 296, p. 298.

(17)

Ibid., pp. 287-8.

(18)

Ibid., p. 309.

(19)

Ibid., p. 326.

(20)

Seven years later, in 1943, the Latin entrance exam also nearly kept Margaret Roberts (destined to be Margaret Thatcher) out of Somerville College. According to her biographer, Hugo Young, ‘She had had to mug up Latin and had failed to reach Somerville’s priority list for entrance. Only when someone dropped out was she hoisted off the waiting list and offered’ a place at Somerville, Young, Hugo, One of Us, p. 14.

(21)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 132.

(22)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 680.

(23)

Ibid., p. 684.

(24)

Ibid., p. 682.

(25)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 332.

(26)

Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate Cakes, p. 142.

(27)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 92.

(28)

Author’s interview with Sarvepalli Gopal.

(29)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 662, p. 664.

(30)

Ibid., p. 667.

(31)

Ibid., p. 664.

(32)

Ibid., p. 678.

(33)

Ibid., p. 694.

(34)

Pande, B. N., Indira Gandhi, p. 71.

(35)

Ibid., p. 75.

(36)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 332.

(37)

Norman, Dorothy, (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 78.

(38)

Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.

(39)

Ibid.

(40)

Interviews with Mary Thompson, Kay Davies and Anne Whiteman. Wayne, Jenifer, The Purple Dress, p. 62.

(41)

Author’s interview with Mary Thompson. Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 336.

(42)

Ibid., p. 336, p. 340.

(43)

Author’s interview with Kay Davies. It has been generally held that Indira Nehru was a poor student at Oxford, but Somerville College and Oxford University records contradict this, as do the recollections of classmates such as Kay Davies and the reported judgements of her tutors.

(44)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 343, p. 348.

(45)

Ibid., p. 342.

(46)

Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.

(47)

Adams, Pauline, Somerville for Women, p. 225. Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 136.

(48)

Author’s interview with Mary Thompson.

(49)

Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi, BBC television, broadcast 26 October 1971.

(50)

Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi. Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., pp. 128-9.

(51)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 353.

(52)

Oxford students were required to pass four subjects in the pass moderations examination, one of which had to be Latin or Greek. Pass mods was a university exam and Oxford University records list only pass marks. The University Gazette, however, publishes the candidates for upcoming exams and subsequently those candidates who were successful. Indira Nehru is listed among the candidates for the pass moderations examination in Michaelmas term 1937, but she is not listed among those who passed the examination. Correspondence between Nehru and Agatha Harrison also indicates that Indira failed the first time she took the pass moderations examination, Oxford University Archives, Oxford; Agatha Harrison Papers, Friends House Library, London.

(53)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 359.

(54)

Wayne, Jenifer, op. cit., p. 70.

(55)

Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.

(56)

Author’s interview with Anne Whiteman.

(57)

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru, I, p. 234.

(58)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 389-90.

(59)

Ibid., p. 392.

(60)

Ibid., p. 395.

(61)

Ibid., p. 397.

(62)

Interviews with Mary Thompson and Anne Whiteman. The late Nikhil Chakravartty, who was at Balliol College while Indira was at Somerville, maintained that her illness in the spring of 1938 and later was a convenient fiction to avoid being sent down after she failed the pass mods Latin exam in June 1938. Mary Thompson (but not Kay Davies) was also under the impression that Indira ‘had to leave’ Somerville because she failed the pass mods exam for a third time. But the Oxford University Gazette does not list Indira Nehru on either the candidates or pass list for the pass mods exam in Trinity term (June 1938) or later and this indicates that she did not take the examination a third time.

(63)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p. 254.

(64)

Ibid., p. 259.

(65)

Ibid., p. 257.

(66)

Quoted in Gopal, Sarvepalli, op. cit., I, p. 235.

(67)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p. 255.

(68)

Author’s interview with Kay Davies.

(69)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 31.

(70)

Ibid., pp. 29-30.

(71)

Hangen, Welles, pp. 166-7.

(72)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, A Bunch of Old Letters, p. 206.

(73)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 705.

(74)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 36, and Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 32.

(75)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 399-400.

(76)

Gopal, Sarvepalli, op. cit., I, p. 238.

(77)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 401.

(78)

Ibid., p. 404.

(79)

Ibid., p. 410.

(80)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p. 30.

(81)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, p. 65.

(82)

Ibid. Author’s interview with Alice Thorner. Hangen, Welles, op. cit., p. 63. Ram, Janaki, V. K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir, pp. 51–4.

(83)

One of the most revealing and moving letters in Sarvepalli Gopal’s Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru was written to Menon on 15 May 1939, several weeks after Indira returned to Europe. In this letter, headed ‘Personal’, Nehru describes his mental turmoil and despair in the midst of what amounts to a nervous breakdown: ‘I want to tell you briefly the state of my mind. It is bad. I have lost all pep and feel devitalized and my interest in life itself seems to be fading away. Don’t be alarmed. I can still function fairly effectively and it may be that I shall recover some of my vitality. For the moment, however, the outlook is not encouraging. Most of the things that I value and for which I have worked seem to be going to pieces, and it is not surprising that I should disintegrate in the process … many things contribute to it. Events in India, events elsewhere. What has happened in Spain has affected me greatly as a deep personal sorrow. What has happened, and is happening in India, being near to me, affects me continuously. The kind of human material that I see about me, the all-pervading pettiness and vulgarity, the mutual suspicion and back-biting … distress me beyond measure. Everywhere the wrong type of person is pushing himself to the front, everywhere disruptive forces are growing … I wrote to you two and a half months ago that I was very ill mentally. I had received a sudden shock which upset me more than almost anything else had ever done. I was afraid of a breakdown … the after-effects continue. I am sorry to write to you all this and to distress you. I do so to enable you to realize somewhat how I am functioning at present. Partly also to relieve myself … It is a phase which will pass perhaps.’ I, 12, pp. 712-3.

(84)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 414. Information on the diploma in social and public administration from conversations with Simon Bailey, Archivist, Oxford University Archives.

(85)

Ibid., p. 421-2.

(86)

Nehru Papers, Nehru Library.

(87)

Agatha Harrison Papers.

(88)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 425.

(89)

Ibid., p. 426.

(90)

Agatha Harrison Papers.

(91)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 450.

الفصل الثامن: الجبل السحري

(1)

In all the accounts that Indira Gandhi gave of her life, including interviews, she never mentioned her long stay in a Swiss sanatorium. In My Truth, her fullest autobiographical statement, she merely says that ‘I went to Switzerland’ and ‘then I returned to London via Spain’. Her biographers likewise omit or hastily dismiss her ten months in Leysin and all repeat Indira’s official diagnosis of pleurisy. The patient records for Auguste Rollier’s clinics no longer exist, but Rollier’s daughter, Suzanne Rollier, whom I interviewed, knew Indira Nehru when she was a patient at Les Frenes.

(2)

Agatha Harrison Papers.

(3)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Freedom’s Daughter, pp. 457-8.

(4)

Desponds, Liliane, Leysin: Histoire et Reconversion d’une Ville a la Montagne. Author’s interview with Suzanne Chapuis-Rollier.

(5)

Hobday, Richard, ‘Sunlight Therapy and Solar Architecture’, Medical History, 1997, p. 455.

(6)

Smith, F. B., The Retreat of Tuberculosis, p. 97.

(7)

Author’s interviews with Dr John Moore-Gillon and Dr Richard Hobday.

(8)

Les Cliniques du Dr Rollier a Leysin (a brochure describing Rollier’s sanatoria in Leysin). Les Frenes still exists, though today it is a trendy gym and fitness centre.

(9)

Smith, F. B., op. cit., p. 97, p. 101.

(10)

Bryder, Lynda, Below the Magic Mountain, p. 223.

(11)

Author’s interview and correspondence with Dr John Moore-Gillon.

(12)

Author’s interview with Maurice Andr’e.

(13)

Author’s interviews with Suzanne Chapuis-Rollier and Maurice Andr’e.

(14)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, pp. 3-4.

(15)

Ibid., p. 15.

(16)

Ibid., p. 38.

(17)

Rollier, Auguste, Heliotherapy, p. 154.

(18)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 14.

(19)

Author’s interview with Suzanne Chapuis-Rollier.

(20)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 18-19.

(21)

Ibid., p. 18. Three months seems to have been the standard time period doctors gave to TB patients. In A. E. Ellis’s novel The Rack, about life in a French TB sanatorium in the early 1950s, the narrator reflects, ‘They say “three months” here as other doctors say “three days”. They’ve been saying “three months” to me ever since I arrived. The last words I’ll hear when I leave … will be: “We’d have cured you if only you could have stayed another three months.” There’s only one sure thing—I am never well, but I always will be in another three months,’ p. 87.

(22)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 21-2.

(23)

Author’s interview with Maurice Andr’e. Ibid., p. 29.

(24)

Ibid., pp. 32-3.

(25)

Bell, P. M. H., The Origins of the Second World War in Europe, p. 131.

(26)

Ibid., pp. 34-5.

(27)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 713.

(28)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 41.

(29)

Most of Indira Gandhi’s personal papers—including her correspondence with her father, husband and son—are closed to researchers. Sonia Gandhi has edited two volumes of the letters written between Nehru and Indira Gandhi, Freedom’s Daughter (1989) and Two Alone, Two Together (1992) and she says that these volumes contain ‘most of their correspondence’. The published letters are an invaluable resource, but there are significant omissions. Indira Gandhi showed a number of crucial letters to Sarvepalli Gopal, who edited Nehru’s Selected Works, which appear in the book but are not in Sonia Gandhi’s edition; nor are they in the Nehru Library catalogue. Sonia Gandhi quotes from several letters written by Indira Gandhi to Feroze and Rajiv Gandhi in her memoir of her husband, Rajiv. She has no plans at present to publish any further letters or papers of Indira Gandhi. Author’s interview with Sonia Gandhi.

(30)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 41-2.

(31)

Ibid., p. 29.

(32)

Ibid., p. 29, pp. 43-4.

(33)

Ibid., pp. 48-9.

(34)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, II, p. 457.

(35)

Ibid., p. 469.

(36)

Ibid., pp. 470-1.

(37)

Ibid., pp. 465-6.

(38)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 58-9.

(39)

Ibid., p. 61.

(40)

Gandhi, Indira, Anand Bhawan Memories, p. 22.

(41)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 66–8.

(42)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, II, p. 423.

(43)

Ibid., pp. 86-7.

(44)

Ibid., p. 88.

(45)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(46)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 146.

(47)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 25.

(48)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 94.

(49)

Ibid., p. 94.

(50)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 146. Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 23.

(51)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 42.

(52)

Ibid., p. 44.

(53)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 27.

الجزء الثاني: إنديرا غاندي

الفصل التاسع: لا حياة عادية وسخيفة ومملة

(1)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 24 and My Truth, p. 45.

(2)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 11, p. 581.

(3)

Ibid., pp. 589-90.

(4)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, pp. 107–9.

(5)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 11, p. 604. Indira’s ‘angry, agitated letter’ is not included in Sonia Gandhi’s edition of the letters nor is it available at the Nehru Library.

(6)

Ibid., p. 641.

(7)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 107–9.

(8)

Ibid., pp. 112-3.

(9)

Fallaci, Oriana, Interview With History, pp. 107–9.

(10)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, p. 103.

(11)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 11, pp. 643–51.

(12)

Ibid., pp. 643–8.

(13)

Ibid., p. 740.

(14)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 117.

(15)

Mohandas Gandhi to Jawaharlal Nehru, 5 December 1941, Nehru Library.

(16)

Gandhi, Indira, What I Am, p. 25.

(17)

Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p. 153.

(18)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 117.

(19)

Rau, M. Chalapathi, Journalism and Politics, p. 76. Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p. 59.

(20)

Quoted in Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 62.

(21)

Michaelis, Arnold, ‘An Interview with Indira Gandhi,’ p. 189.

(22)

Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate Cake, pp. 99-100.

(23)

Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., pp. 154-5.

(24)

Norvin Hein later became a Professor at Yale Divinity School. His film of Indira and Feroze’s wedding runs for about ten minutes and much of the following description is drawn from the highlights of the wedding and wedding dinner that he captured with his movie camera.

(25)

Soon after the marriage and for some years afterwards, it was rumoured that Indira and Feroze had secretly gone through a civil marriage or got married in a Princely State where marriage was permitted between those of different faiths. In the early seventies Uma Vasudev asked Indira Gandhi about these rumours. Indira categorically denied them, telling Vasudev, ‘nothing of the kind [happened]. It just didn’t bother me, whether it was legal or not.’ Vasudev, op. cit., p. 166. Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.

(26)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 111. Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p. 20.

(27)

Sahgal, Nayantara, op. cit., pp. 101–3.

(28)

Falk, Bertil, unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi.

(29)

Correspondence (in Hindi) between Rajpati Kaul and Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru Library.

(30)

Falk, Bertil, op. cit.

(31)

French, Patrick, Liberty or Death, p. 140.

(32)

Ibid., p. 146.

(33)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, pp. 138-9.

(34)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, pp. 4-5. Hutheesing, K. N., Dear to Behold, p. 98.

(35)

French, Patrick, op. cit., p. 162.

(36)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 28.

(37)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 187. Falk, Bertil, op. cit.

(38)

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, The Scope of Happiness, p. 165.

(39)

I visited Naini Jail on 2 April 1997 and was given a tour by the Senior Superintendent, R. N. Upadhyay. Nehru’s cell complex at Naini is carefully preserved and contains among other artefacts, his spinning wheel. His weight at various dates is recorded on a painted poster. At the women’s barrack there is a memorial pillar to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s prison term, but no trace of Indira Gandhi’s eight-month sojourn in jail.

(40)

Michaelis, Arnold, op. cit., p. 188.

(41)

Author’s interview with Chandralekha Mehta.

(42)

Ibid.

(43)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 34.

(44)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 160.

(45)

Ibid., p. 170.

(46)

Ibid., p. 192.

(47)

Ibid., p. 186.

(48)

Ibid., p. 188.

(49)

Friedan, Betty, ‘How Mrs Gandhi Shattered the Feminine Mystique,’ p. 165.

(50)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 212.

(51)

Ibid.

(52)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed.), Before Freedom, p. 355.

(53)

Ibid., p. 357.

(54)

Ibid., p. 300.

(55)

Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 267.

(56)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 287.

(57)

Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 268.

(58)

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, op. cit., p. 177.

(59)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 345-6.

(60)

Fallaci, Oriana, op. cit., pp. 174-5.

(61)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 12, pp. 360-1.

(62)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 368.

(63)

Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p. 168.

(64)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Discovery of India, p. 159.

(65)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 373, p. 381.

الفصل العاشر: تدهور الأوضاع

(1)

Interestingly, Nehru, who was no believer in astrology, wrote to his sister Krishna that ‘a proper horoscope made by a competent person’ should be drawn up for the baby, Nehru’s Letters to his Sister, p. 162.

(2)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru I, 13, p. 501.

(3)

Ibid., p. 505.

(4)

Ibid.

(5)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, p. 25.

(6)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 518; pp. 588-9.

(7)

Gandhi, Tehmina, ‘How We Welcomed Indira into the Family,’ p. 13.

(8)

Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.

(9)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., I, 13, p. 602.

(10)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 469.

(11)

Ibid., p. 487.

(12)

Ibid., p. 516.

(13)

In 1975, after they had signed the Kashmir Accord, Indira Gandhi visited Srinagar and Sheikh Abdullah arranged another (peaceful) river procession for her.

(14)

Sahgal, Nayantara (ed), Before Freedom, pp. 507-8.

(15)

Ibid., p. 132.

(16)

Quoted in French, Patrick, Liberty or Death, p. 234.

(17)

Ibid., p. 239.

(18)

M. O. Mathai papers, Nehru Library.

(19)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 3, p. 331.

(20)

Rau, M. Chalapathi, Journalism and Politics, p. 13.

(21)

Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 98.

(22)

Rau, op. cit., p. 16.

(23)

Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.

(24)

Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p. 83.

(25)

Gupte, Pranay, Mother India, p. 219.

(26)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 3, p. 335.

(27)

Sahgal, Nayantara, and Rai, E. N. Mangat, Relationship: Extracts from a Correspondence, p. 163. Feroze’s affair with the daughter of Lucknow politician Ali Zareer is widely known but documented in print only by M. O. Mathai in Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 95. Mathai claims Indira Gandhi confided in him about the relationship and Nehru’s role in ending it. My account draws on Mathai and the research of Bertil Falk who is working on a biography of Feroze Gandhi.

(28)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 208.

(29)

Hutheesing, K. N., We Nehrus, p. 208.

(30)

Mathai, M. O., op. cit., p. 1.

(31)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), II, p. 311-2.

(32)

Ibid., p. 310.

(33)

Mathai, M. O., op. cit., p. 8.

(34)

M. O. Mathai admits as much in his autobiography, but he explains that he kept ‘a spare copy of everything Nehru wrote and also copies of important telegrams and documents’ to show to Indira to help ‘inform her mind … to talk somewhat sensibly to foreign dignitaries who sat on either side of her at social functions. She was extremely good at keeping secrets’. B. K. Nehru and Nehru’s biographer, S. Gopal, however, told me that Mathai made copies secretly, without Nehru’s or Indira’s knowledge. Gopal and others believe Mathai passed some of these copies, as well as other information, on to the CIA. According to B. K. Nehru, Mathai used to boast in his last years of having copies of all Nehru’s papers, Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 249. Author’s interviews with S. Gopal and B. K. Nehru.

(35)

Author’s interview with S. Gopal. Gill, S. S., The Pathology of Corruption, pp. 59-60.

(36)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(37)

Morgan, Janet, Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own, p. 382.

(38)

Cannadine, David, The Pleasures of the Past, p. 58.

(39)

Ibid., p. 386.

(40)

Ziegler, Philip, Mountbatten: The Official Biography, p. 363.

(41)

Morgan, Janet, op. cit., p. 403.

(42)

Ibid., p. 408.

(43)

Most observers agree that Edwina Mountbatten and Nehru fell in love, but whether or not they had a sexual relationship is a matter of dispute. Edwina’s daughter, Pamela Hicks—one of the few people who has read the extensive correspondence between her mother and Nehru—told me that the affair was unconsummated but that her mother would have wished it otherwise. (Author’s interview with Pamela Hicks.) Edwina Mountbatten’s biographer, Janet Morgan, who has also read the correspondence, holds that the relationship was not sexual. Mountbatten’s most authoritative biographer, Philip Ziegler is more equivocal when he states, ‘If there was any physical element it can only have been of minor importance to either party.’ (Ziegler, Philip, op. cit., p. 473.) Nehru’s most recent biographer, Stanley Wolpert, not only holds that the couple were lovers, but also claims, (apparently without any evidence since he has not read their letters) that Nehru seriously contemplated leaving India and his position as Prime Minister in order to live with Edwina in Britain. In a similar vein, Andrew Roberts and Akbar Ahmed argue that Nehru exploited his relationship with Edwina in order to influence Mountbatten, (Roberts, Andrew, Eminent Churchillians; Ahmed, Akbar S., Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity). In his memoir, M. O. Mathai luridly describes an affair between Edwina Mountbatten and Nehru, along with a string of other liaisons he claims Nehru had over the years. But Mathai is a suspect witness. The letters exchanged between Edwina and Nehru undoubtedly make clear the nature of their relationship. Edwina Mountbatten’s letters are held at Broadlands. The Mountbatten family returned Nehru’s letters to Delhi and they are in the possession of Sonia Gandhi. Copies of Nehru’s letters are also at Broadlands. Both sides of the correspondence are currently closed to researchers, though Janet Morgan and Philip Ziegler were given access to them. Pamela Hicks and her sister, the Countess Mountbatten, would like the correspondence to be published, but Sonia Gandhi is unwilling to sanction publication.

(44)

Author’s interview with Pamela Hicks.

(45)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), I, p. 349.

(46)

Collins, Larry and Dominque LaPierre, Freedom at Midnight, p. 309.

(47)

Ibid., p. 321.

(48)

Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi, BBC television. M. O. Mathai claims that in Nehru’s draft of the speech the phrase was ‘date with destiny’ which was changed to ‘tryst’ at Mathai’s suggestion when he pointed out to Nehru that in American English ‘date’ means an ‘assignation with girls and women’. In his autobiography Mathai says that he has given the draft speech to the Nehru Museum along with ‘innumerable documents and photographs’. But the draft speech is not listed in the M. O. Mathai Papers at the Nehru Library. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 11.

(49)

Author’s interview with Alan Campbell-Johnson.

(50)

French, Patrick, op. cit., p. 318.

(51)

Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p. 201.

(52)

Ibid.

(53)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 59.

(54)

Author’s interview with Subhadra Joshi. Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, pp. 38–42.

(55)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, p. 137.

(56)

Much ink has been spilt on the timing of the accession and the legality of the Indian intervention, but as Victoria Schofield notes, whether or not accession preceded intervention, ‘the maharaja had agreed to accession in principle … he never [afterwards] suggested that he had not signed an Instrument of Accession before Indian troops landed nor that he had never signed one’, Schofield, p. 150.

(57)

Quoted in Lamb, Alistair, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, p. 138.

(58)

Ibid., p. 182.

(59)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 548.

(60)

Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., pp. 63–4. Sahgal, Nayantara, Prison and Chocolate Cake, p. 225. Hutheesing, K. N., op. cit., pp. 237-8.

(61)

Hutheesing, K. N., Ibid., pp. 241-2.

(62)

Hindustan Times, 31 January 1948.

(63)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, Speeches, I, pp. 42–4.

(64)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 551-2.

(65)

Ibid., p. 556.

(66)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 7, p. 684.

(67)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, pp. 70-1.

(68)

Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p. 83.

(69)

Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 190.

(70)

Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., p. 72. Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, p. 188.

(71)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., pp. 142–3.

الفصل الحادي عشر: تحول

(1)

Nehru also vetoed this daily allowance.

(2)

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru, II, p. 60.

(3)

Ibid., p. 61.

(4)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 8.

(5)

Ibid.

(6)

Ibid., pp. 6-7.

(7)

Ibid., p. 10.

(8)

Ibid., p. 35.

(9)

Author’s interview with Dorothy Norman.

(10)

Their friendship ruptured after Dorothy Norman made a public statement in 1975 condemning the Emergency, but she and Indira were reconciled after Sanjay Gandhi was killed in 1980.

(11)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, pp. 566–70.

(12)

Author’s interview with Dorothy Norman.

(13)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, 17, p. 36.

(14)

Ibid., p. 635.

(15)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp. 144-5.

(16)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., pp. 592-3.

(17)

Ibid.

(18)

Ibid., p. 594.

(19)

Ibid., pp. 592–4.

(20)

Gopal, Sarvepalli (ed.), op. cit., II, p. 133, p. 302.

(21)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 596.

(22)

Ibid., pp. 596-7.

(23)

Ibid., p. 597.

(24)

Ibid., p. 598.

(25)

In 1954, when the Gandhi boys were enrolled at the Doon School, the headmaster was J. R. Martyn. Martyn had taught at Nehru’s alma mater, Harrow, and then went to India with Arthur Foot of Eton to found the Doon School in Dehra Dun in the late thirties. Rajiv thrived at the Doon School, though he was only an average student; nor did he excel at sports. Sanjay had serious problems there from the beginning, though he was actually academically better than his older brother. But Sanjay got into numerous scrapes, played truant and repeatedly broke school rules. He fought with and bullied other students, and was apparently even cruel to the school pets. Indira withdrew Sanjay from the Doon School in 1960—possibly to avert his being expelled, and he then attended St Columbus’, a day school in Delhi. The Doon School remains today the premier public school in India.

(26)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 26.

(27)

The Congress Working Committee, which stands at the apex of the Congress Party organizational structure, is composed of the Congress Party President, the party leader in the Lok Sabha and nineteen other members, ten of whom are elected by the All-India Congress Committee and nine who are appointed by the party President.

(28)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, p. 198.

(29)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 27.

(30)

Ibid., p. 29.

(31)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 263.

(32)

Ibid., p. 262.

(33)

Ibid., p. 264.

(34)

Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p. 42.

(35)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone, Two Together, p. 614.

(36)

Indira Gandhi to Padmaja Naidu, January 1947, Nehru Library.

(37)

Ryan, Frank, Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told, pp. 383-4.

(38)

Author’s interviews with Dr John Moore-Gillon, Dr Vatsala Samant and Dr. K. P. Mathur. I am grateful to Dr Moore-Gillon, of the Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, for discussing Indira Gandhi’s tuberculosis with me. Dr Vatsala Samant treated Indira Gandhi in Allahabad and Dr K. P. Mathur was her personal physician after Indira became prime minister.

(39)

Indira Gandhi to Padmaja Naidu, Nehru Library.

(40)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 616.

(41)

Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.

(42)

Sarvepalli, Gopal, (ed.), op. cit., II, pp. 311-2.

(43)

Mathai, M. O., My Days with Nehru, pp. xiii-xiv.

(44)

Mathai, M. O., Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 10.

(45)

Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru, P. N. Haksar, Khushwant Singh, Trevor Fishlock and Pupul Jayakar.

(46)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Nehru’s biographer, S. Gopal, also believes there was an affair of some sort between Indira and Mathai. Author’s interview with S. Gopal.

(47)

Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.

(48)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 70. Author’s interview with Inder Malhotra.

(49)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 246.

(50)

Gill, S. S., The Pathology of Corruption, pp. 50-1.

(51)

Mohan, Anand, Indira Gandhi, pp. 203–5.

(52)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 47.

(53)

Ibid., p. 48.

(54)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., p. 619.

(55)

Ibid., p. 623.

(56)

Sarvepalli, Gopal, (ed.), op. cit., III, pp. 81-2.

(57)

Author’s interview with Nikhil Chakravartty.

(58)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., pp. 154-5.

(59)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 115. Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira Gandhi.

(60)

Michaelis, Arnold, ‘An Interview with Indira Gandhi,’ p. 190.

(61)

Hutheesing, K. N., Dear to Behold, p. 149.

(62)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 156.

(63)

Dorothy Norman papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.

(64)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 276.

(65)

Bertil Falk unpublished biography of Feroze Gandhi.

(66)

Sarvepalli, Gopal, op. cit., III, p. 59.

(67)

Ibid.

(68)

Jeffrey, Robin, ‘Jawaharlal Nehru and the Smoking Gun: Who Pulled the Trigger in Kerala’s Communist Government in 1959?’, p. 81.

(69)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 63.

(70)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), op. cit., pp. 627-8.

(71)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 59.

(72)

Ibid., p. 61.

(73)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 293.

(74)

Author’s interview with Usha Bhagat.

(75)

Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.

(76)

Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, pp. 50-1.

(77)

Dorothy Norman Papers.

(78)

Moraes, Dom, op. cit., p. 146.

(79)

Lord Chalfont’s interview with Indira.

الفصل الثاني عشر: نحو ثلاثية

(1)

Dorothy Norman Papers.

(2)

Author’s interview with Usha Bhagat.

(3)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 79.

(4)

Gandhi, Sonia, (ed.), Two Alone and Two Together, p. 648.

(5)

Ibid., p. 647.

(6)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., pp. 85-6.

(7)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 364.

(8)

Galbraith, John Kenneth, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 226.

(9)

Ibid., p. 227.

(10)

Sarvepalli, Gopal (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, III, p. 188.

(11)

Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru and John Kenneth Galbraith.

(12)

Gandhi, Sonia (ed.), op. cit., p. 672.

(13)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 88.

(14)

Ibid., p. 89.

(15)

According to Indira’s personal physician, Dr K. P. Mathur, she went through an ‘early’ menopause. Author’s interview with Dr K. P. Mathur.

(16)

Dorothy Norman Papers.

(17)

Ibid.

(18)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 95.

(19)

Seton, Marie, Panditji, p. 480.

(20)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., pp. 96-7.

(21)

Dorothy Norman Papers.

(22)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 81. With remarkable prescience, Welles Hangen ended his book with the observation that ‘the vital question in India is not “After Nehru, Who?” but “After Nehru’s successor, who?” … [When Nehru dies] … there will be strong pressure for Congress unity and maintenance of an effective central government … powerful forces in Congress and the country will be working to close the leadership gap as quickly as possible. To avoid a prolonged factional struggle, Shastri might be given the nod … The situation will be entirely different when Shastri or whoever succeeds Nehru leaves the scene (probably not long after Nehru’s passing) and a new prime minister must be chosen … Congress is almost certainly to have split openly and officially by that time. At best it will be a two-way division on Left-Right factional lines … Indira Gandhi cannot be ignored … she is a strong possibility. (After Nehru Who?, pp. 276-7.) Hangen lived to see his forecast come true in 1966. But four years later he was killed by Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge guerrillas in Cambodia while covering the Vietnam War.

(23)

Desai, Morarji, The Story of My Life, II, p. 204.

(24)

Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi, p. 302.

(25)

Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical Years, p. 20.

(26)

Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 373.

(27)

Ibid., p. 374.

(28)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 98.

(29)

Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 404. Indira later told Uma Vasudev: ‘I began to wear white after he [Feroze] died. Then gradually I felt like wearing grays and browns and blacks. I was just beginning to want to wear colours again when my father died,’ Vasudev, op. cit., p. 310.

(30)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 78.

(31)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 100.

(32)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p. 223.

(33)

Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 426.

(34)

Quoted in Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 305.

(35)

Abdullah, Sheikh, Flames of the Chinar, pp. 152-3.

(36)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 103.

(37)

Quoted in Seton, Marie, op. cit., p. 451.

(38)

Ibid., p. 460.

(39)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 78.

(40)

Author’s interviews with P. N. Haksar, Nayantara Sahgal and Pupul Jayakar.

(41)

Author’s interview with Mani Shankar Ayer.

(42)

Srivastava, C. P., Lal Bahadur Shastri, p. 85.

(43)

Brecher, Michael, Succession in India, pp. 65-6.

(44)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 101.

(45)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 83.

(46)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 324.

(47)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 84.

(48)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., pp. 85-6.

(49)

Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 248.

(50)

Nayar, Kuldip, Between the Lines, p. 14.

(51)

Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power, p. 5.

(52)

Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 252.

الجزء الثالث: رئيسة الوزراء إنديرا غاندي

الفصل الثالث عشر: أنا القضية

(1)

It was not until 1996 that India had its first non-Hindi, non-English speaking Prime Minister: H. D. Deve Gowda.

(2)

Kaviraj, Sudipta, ‘Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics,’ p. 1697.

(3)

Rao, P. V. Narasimha, The Insider, p. 493.

(4)

Ibid., p. 496.

(5)

Mishra, D. P., The Post-Nehru Era: Political Memoirs, p. 22.

(6)

Author’s interview with S. Gopal. Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p. 128. Gopal, S., Radhakrishnan, pp. 344–6.

(7)

Brecher, Michael, Succession in India, p. 236.

(8)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 115.

(9)

Brecher, Michael, op. cit., pp. 236-7.

(10)

Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi p. 140.

(11)

Vasudev, Uma, Indira Gandhi: Revolution in Restraint, pp. 348-9.

(12)

Ibid., p. 346.

(13)

Time magazine, 28 January 1966.

(14)

Desai, Morarji, The Story of My Life, II, p. 229.

(15)

Author’s interview with John Grigg.

(16)

Quoted in Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 154.

(17)

Mishra, D. P., op. cit., pp. 34-5.

(18)

Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical Years, p. 30.

(19)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 187.

(20)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 95.

(21)

Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political Economy, pp. 296-7.

(22)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(23)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 95.

(24)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(25)

Gupte, Pranay, Mother India, pp. 293-4.

(26)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, pp. 459-60.

(27)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches and Writings of Indira Gandhi, I, p. 93.

(28)

Mehta, Ved, Portrait of India, p. 498.

(29)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, pp. 67-8.

(30)

Jalal, Ayesha, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia, p. 66.

(31)

Times of India, 26 December 1966.

(32)

Ibid., 20 January 1967.

(33)

Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 171. Author’s interview with Inder Kapur.

(34)

Norman, Dorothy, Letters to an American Friend, p. 117.

(35)

Quoted in Brecher, Michael, ‘Succession in India: 1967,’ p. 426.

(36)

Ibid., p. 432.

(37)

Desai, Morarji, op. cit., 2, p. 237.

(38)

Brecher, Michael, op. cit., p. 434.

(39)

Nayar, Kuldip, Between the Lines, p. 28.

(40)

Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power, p. 12.

(41)

Quoted in Mishra, D. P., op. cit., p. 80.

(42)

Quoted in Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 107.

(43)

The Green Revolution in India was far from an unalloyed blessing. Francine Frankel’s India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs and Vandana Shiva’s The Violence of the Green Revolution discuss the social, economic and political consequences of the technology of the Green Revolution.

(44)

Fallaci, Oriana, Interview with History, p. 176.

(45)

Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p. 1.

(46)

Ibid., p. 2.

(47)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 117.

(48)

The Indian President is indirectly elected by members of Parliament and state legislators. He is the constitutional head of the country and possesses no executive power. Nevertheless, governmental decisions are issued in the President’s name; the President is commander-in-chief; he ‘appoints’ the Prime Minister, ministers, Supreme Court and High Court justices and state governors.

(49)

Hasan, Zoya, ‘The Prime Minister and the Left,’ in Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p. 216.

(50)

Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., pp. 71-2.

(51)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(52)

Author’s interviews with P. N. Haksar and P. N. Dhar.

(53)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(54)

Panandiker, V. A. and Mehra, Ajay K. (eds.), The Indian Cabinet, p. 227.

(55)

Ibid., p. 230.

(56)

Nayar, Kuldip, India: The Critical Years, p. 33.

(57)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, II, p. 133.

(58)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 119.

(59)

Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p. 245.

(60)

Rao, P. V. Narasimha, op. cit., p. 599.

(61)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 122.

(62)

Nayar, Kuldip, op. cit., pp. 2-3.

(63)

Rao, P. V. Narasimha, op. cit., p. 610.

(64)

Sahgal, Nayantara, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power, pp. 52-3.

(65)

Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 211.

(66)

Mehta, Ved, Portrait of India, p. 501.

(67)

Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 211.

(68)

Kaviraj, Sudipta, ‘Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics,’ p. 1698.

(69)

Sahgal, Nayantara, op. cit., p. 66.

(70)

Kaviraj, among others, use this phrase.

(71)

Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, p. 56.

(72)

Ibid., p. 41.

(73)

Quoted in Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a Dream, p. 46.

(74)

Norman, Dorothy, op. cit., p. 128.

(75)

Gandhi, Indira, op. cit., 2, II, p. 76.

(76)

Malhotra, lnder, op. cit., p. 128.

الفصل الرابع عشر: العالم باللون الأحمر

(1)

Rao, P. V. Narasimha, The Insider, pp. 621-2. Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 128.

(2)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p. 322.

(3)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 148.

(4)

Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p. 252. Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, pp. 230-1.

(5)

Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 325, p. 342.

(6)

Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political Economy, p. 460.

(7)

Quoted in Abbas, K. A., That Woman, p. 90.

(8)

Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament, p. 540.

(9)

Frankel, Francine R., op. cit., pp. 466-7.

(10)

Gill, S. S., op. cit., p. 263.

(11)

Frankel, Francine R., op. cit., p. 468.

(12)

Bhutto, Benazir, Daughter of the East, p. 53.

(13)

Abbas, K. A., op. cit., p. 101.

(14)

Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and Indian Democracy, p. 156.

(15)

The Hindustan Times, 11 and 12 November, 1986.

(16)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(17)

Abbas, K. A., op. cit., p. 118.

(18)

Sarkar, Bidyut (ed.), P. N. Haksar: Our Times and the Man, p. 181.

(19)

Kissinger, Henry, White House Years, p. 848.

(20)

Ibid., pp. 878-9. Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(21)

Kissinger, Henry, op. cit., pp. 880-1, p. 848.

(22)

Author’s interview with T. N. Kaul. Kaul, T. N., Diplomacy in Peace and War, pp. 182-3.

(23)

Kissinger, Henry, op. cit., p. 882.

(24)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(25)

Ibid.

(26)

Masani, Zareer, Indira Gandhi, p. 241.

(27)

Ibid., p. 242.

(28)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 135.

(29)

Mistry, Rohinton, Such a Long Journey, p. 298.

(30)

Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 240.

(31)

Sisson, Richard and Rose, Leo E., op. cit., pp. 213-14.

(32)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(33)

Sisson, Richard and Rose, Leo E., War and Succession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Pakistan, pp. 213-14.

(34)

Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament, pp. 808-9.

(35)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, vol II, pp. 611–13.

(36)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(37)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 245.

(38)

Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament, pp. 812-13.

(39)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 140.

(40)

Ibid.

(41)

Masani, Zareer, op. cit., p. 248. In White House Years (p. 913), Henry Kissinger says there was ‘no doubt’ in his mind that Indira was forced into calling a cease-fire by ‘Soviet pressure, which in turn grew out of American insistence, including the fleet movement’. P. N. Haksar, however, vehemently denies this was reason for agreeing to a ceasefire, (author’s interview P. N. Haksar).

(42)

Economist, quoted in Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 141.

(43)

Abbas, K. A., op. cit., pp. 161-2.

(44)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 202.

(45)

Fallaci, Oriana, Interview with History, p. 188, p. 190, p. 199.

(46)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(47)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 192.

(48)

Author’s interview with T. N. Kaul.

(49)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 192.

(50)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar. Dhar, P. N., op. cit., pp. 193-4.

(51)

Lamb, Alistair, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, p. 211, but author’s emphasis.

(52)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(53)

Ibid. Benazir Bhutto gives a different account of this episode in her autobiography, Daughter of the East.

(54)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(55)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 210.

(56)

Nayar, Kuldip, India After Nehru, p. 208.

الفصل الخامس عشر: توقف الصعود

(1)

Vasudev, Uma, Two Faces of Indira Gandhi, pp. 106-7. Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev. Birla, K. K., Indira Gandhi: Reminiscences, p. 39.

(2)

Nayar, Kuldip, The Judgement, p. 197. Thapar, Raj, All These Years, pp. 397-8. Abbas, K. A., Indira Gandhi: The Last Post, p. 15.

(3)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar.

(4)

Khilnani, Sunil, The Idea of India, p. 89.

(5)

Nayar, Kuldip, Supersession of Judges, p. 35.

(6)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 145.

(7)

Ibid.

(8)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 13.

(9)

Thakur, Janardan, All the Prime Minister’s Men, p. 101.

(10)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., p. 138.

(11)

George Fernandes had originally planned to be a Roman Catholic priest, but after a short spell in a seminary he entered radical politics and the trade union movement. His later career was erratic. In 1977 he joined forces with Morarji Desai’s Janata Party. After Desai made him Industry Minister, Fernandes ejected the multi-nationals, CocaCola and IBM, from India. Twenty years later, in 1998, Fernandes—a long-time campaigner for nuclear disarmament—warmly defended India’s nuclear testing initiative while serving as Minister of Defence in the BJP government headed by A. B. Vajpayee. In the spring of 1999 he was instrumental in preventing Sonia Gandhi from forming a Congress coalition government. During the 1999 conflict with Pakistan in Kashmir he repeatedly visited the troops on the frontline in order to boost morale.

(12)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 71.

(13)

Gandhi, Indira, Speeches in Parliament, p. 511.

(14)

Dorothy Norman Papers.

(15)

Gill, S. S., The Dynasty, p. 246.

(16)

Datta-Ray, Sunanda K., Smash and Grab: The Annexation of Sikkim, p. 73.

(17)

Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and Indian Democracy, p. 273.

(18)

Ibid., p. 249.

(19)

Ibid., p. 269.

(20)

Ibid., p. 289.

(21)

Ibid., p. 292.

(22)

Ibid., pp. 298-9.

(23)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches III, p. 129.

(24)

Abdullah, Sheikh, Flames of the Chinar, p. 165.

(25)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 163.

(26)

Carras, Mary, Indira Gandhi in the Crucible of Leadership, p. 184.

(27)

New Republic, 25 June 1975.

(28)

Thapar, Raj, op. cit., p. 400.

الفصل السادس عشر: خطوة طارئة جريئة

(1)

Shah Commission Report, I, pp. 17-18.

(2)

Oriani Fallaci interview with Morarji Desai, The New Republic, July 1975.

(3)

Author’s interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray.

(4)

Ibid.

(5)

Shah Commission Report, I, p. 25.

(6)

Kapur, Jagga, What Price Perjury: Facts of the Shah Commission, pp. 51-2.

(7)

This account of the events during the twenty-four hours leading up to the declaration of the Emergency is based on an interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray and on testimony made before and depositions submitted to the Shah Commission and published in the Shah Commission Report. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting published the Shah Commission ‘Interim Report’ on 1 March 1978, a second ‘Interim Report’ on 26 April 1978 and a ‘Third and Final Report’ on 6 August 1978. When Indira Gandhi returned to power in 1980 she invalidated the report and had it withdrawn from circulation. The only existing copies of the three volumes that I am aware of are at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

(8)

Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar. Later that day Swaran Singh told a friend that Indira’s ‘crude resort to police powers’ would not work. When this remark got back to her, Indira dropped Swaran Singh from the Cabinet and replaced him with Bansi Lal.

(9)

This account of the 26 June 1976 cabinet meeting is based on the Shah Commission Report and the author’s interviews with Karan Singh and P. N. Dhar.

(10)

Kapur, Jagga, op. cit., p. 67.

(11)

Tully, Mark, From Raj to Rajiv, p. 119.

(12)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, 3, pp. 177-9.

(13)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 304. Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar.

(14)

Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 161.

(15)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, pp. 557-9. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(16)

Author’s interview with John Grigg.

(17)

Young, Hugo, One of Us, p. 120.

(18)

Author’s interview with Michael Foot.

(19)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, pp. 148-50.

(20)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 286.

(21)

Ibid., p. 287.

(22)

Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political Economy, p. 570.

(23)

Ibid.

الفصل السابع عشر: الابن الصاعد

(1)

Frankel, Francine R., India’s Political Economy, pp. 550-6. For a discussion of the modest gains and fundamental failure of the twenty-point programme, see chapter 13.

(2)

Author’s interview with P. N. Haksar. Shah Commission Report, I, pp. 72-3.

(3)

Mehta, Vinod, The Sanjay Story, pp. 66-7. Author’s interview with Siddhartha Shankar Ray. Rajiv Gandhi later claimed that his wife had never drawn her salary or visited the Maruti office or factory, (Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a Dream, p. 73).

(4)

Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., p. 67.

(5)

Vasudev, Uma, Two Faces of Indira Gandhi, pp. 206-7.

(6)

Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and Indian Democracy, p. 326-8. P. N. Dhar reproduces a photograph of Indira’s ‘frantic’, three-page hand-written note in his book.

(7)

Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.

(8)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 110.

(9)

Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar.

(10)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 328.

(11)

Ibid., p. 311.

(12)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 177.

(13)

Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., p. 85.

(14)

In some cases it is almost impossible to disentangle fact from fiction in Sanjay Gandhi’s short political career. Government records and proceedings have disappeared. And many of the people who were involved in Sanjay’s activities have developed selective amnesia regarding them.

(15)

Author’s interview with James Manor who cites Romesh Thapar.

(16)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(17)

Vasudev, Uma, op. cit., p. 115.

(18)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 305.

(19)

Mehta, Ved, The New India, p. 98.

(20)

For a full account of this libel case see Frank, Katherine, ‘Mr Rushdie and Mrs Gandhi’, Biography, 19, no 3 (Summer 1996).

(21)

Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.

(22)

Author’s interview with P. N. Dhar.

(23)

Author’s interview with Fori Nehru.

(24)

Author’s interview with Jagmohan. Jagmohan continues to believe that ‘Sanjay’s instincts were always right,’ that ‘there were many false accusations against him,’ and that Sanjay was morally committed to ‘essential environmental work and family planning.’

(25)

Jagmohan, Island of Truth, p. 127, p. 111.

(26)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 306.

(27)

Moraes, Dom, A Matter of People, p. 162.

(28)

Author’s interview with Karan Singh.

(29)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(30)

Rohinton Mistry’s novel, A Fine Balance, vividly portrays daily life during the Emergency.

(31)

Author’s interview with Fori Nehru.

(32)

Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 341.

(33)

Singh, Khushwant, Indira Ghandi Returns, pp. 78-86.

(34)

Nayar, Kuldip, The Judgement, p. 64.

(35)

Ibid. Dhar, P. N., op. cit., p. 344.

(36)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 313. Gandhi, Indira, My Truth, p. 166.

(37)

Author’s interview with J. V. Kapur.

(38)

Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p. 264-5.

(39)

Typescript of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s statement from Uma Vasudev. Extracts from it are included in Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s autobiography, The Scope of Happiness, pp. 4-15.

(40)

Author’s interview with Nayantara Sahgal.

(41)

Wolpert, Stanley, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times, p. 283.

(42)

Mehta, Vinod, op. cit., pp. 108-9.

(43)

Ibid., p. 111.

(44)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 321.

الفصل الثامن عشر: ضغط

(1)

Interviews with Usha Bhagat and R. K. Dhawan.

(2)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 579. Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(3)

Dhar, P. N., Indira Gandhi, The Emergency and Indian Democracy, p. 359.

(4)

Various people, including Nayantara Sahgal and Uma Vasudev, claim that vans or cars loaded with money left 1 Safdarjung Road under cover of darkness when it became clear that Indira had lost the 1977 election. There is no evidence that money was clandestinely smuggled out of the household and it seems unlikely that Sanjay would have kept very much of the money he had amassed during the Emergency in his mother’s house. Sanjay had friends both in India and abroad who could safeguard money for him.

(5)

Author’s interviews with B. K. Nehru and Swraj Paul.

(6)

Ali, Aruna Asif, Private Face of a Public Person, p. 281.

(7)

Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p. 76.

(8)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, pp. 329-30.

(9)

Times of India, 24 May 1977.

(10)

Shah Commission Report, I, p. 1.

(11)

Author’s interview with Khushwant Singh.

(12)

Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi, p. 277.

(13)

Shah Commission Report, I, p. 1.

(14)

Ibid., III, p. 246.

(15)

Ibid., p. 247.

(16)

The unfounded rumour that Chand was killed reflects how any adverse event at this time was apt to be attributed to Sanjay Gandhi.

(17)

Moraes, Dom, op. cit., p. 283.

(18)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 344.

(19)

Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 202.

(20)

Gangadharan, K., The Inquisition, pp. 242-56.

(21)

Moraes, op. cit., p. 296.

(22)

Chatwin, Bruce, ‘On the Road with Mrs G’, in What Am I Doing Here?, p. 330.

(23)

Ibid., p. 326.

(24)

Ibid., p. 329.

(25)

Shah Commission Report, III, p. 262.

(26)

Ibid., p. 241.

(27)

To my knowledge, the only extant copy of the full Shah Commission Report is at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Jagga Kapur’s What Price Perjury and K. Gangadharan’s The Inquisition, both contain lengthy extracts from the report as well as eyewitness accounts of the Shah Commission hearings.

(28)

Shah Commission Report, III, p. 234.

(29)

Sunday, 23-29 June 1985, p. 22.

(30)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 208.

(31)

Ibid. p. 198. Author’s interview with Uma Vasudev.

(32)

Times of India, 6 June 1978.

(33)

Carras, Mary, Indira Gandhi in the Crucible of Leadership, pp. 231-54.

(34)

Ibid., pp. xiv-xv.

(35)

Abbas, K. A., Indira Gandhi: The Last Post, p. 56.

(36)

Swraj Paul has kept Indira’s signed travellers’ cheques as a memento. Author’s interview with Swraj Paul.

(37)

Ibid.

(38)

Ibid.

(39)

Author’s interview with Michael Foot.

(40)

Author’s interviews with Swraj Paul and Fori Nehru.

(41)

Kidwai, Anser, Indira Gandhi: Charisma and Crisis, p. 33.

(42)

Author’s interview with Karan Singh.

(43)

Mehta, Ved, A Family Affair, p. 343.

(44)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 376.

(45)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(46)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 380.

(47)

Ali, Tariq, Can Pakistan Survive? Chapter 5.

(48)

Ibid., p. 136.

(49)

Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 203.

الفصل التاسع عشر: شقاق

(1)

The phrase is taken from Sunil Khilnani’s 1997 book The Idea of India in which he describes Nehru’s Discovery of India as ‘an epic of India’s past in which it appeared neither as a meaningless dust-storm nor as a glorified Hindu pageant, but as moved by a logic of accommodation and acceptance’, (p. 169).

(2)

Manor, James, Nehru to the Nineties, p. 8.

(3)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 215.

(4)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 403.

(5)

Ibid., pp. 405-6.

(6)

Shah Commission Report, II, pp. 30-1.

(7)

Author’s interview with Rustom Gandhi.

(8)

Author’s interviews with V. P. Singh and R. K. Dhawan.

(9)

Author’s interview with V. P. Singh.

(10)

Most of these names were later changed back or changed again. However the animal homes bearing Sanjay Gandhi’s name still exist today; they were established by Sanjay’s widow Maneka Gandhi, an animal lover.

(11)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(12)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 418. Author’s interview with James Manor.

(13)

Author’s interview with R. K. Dhawan.

(14)

Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p. 6.

(15)

Author’s interview with Francine Frankel.

(16)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p. 461.

(17)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(18)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 228.

(19)

Sonia Gandhi, op. cit., pp. 6-7.

(20)

Author’s interview with Trevor Fishlock.

(21)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 238.

(22)

Singh, Khushwant, ‘Of Love and Loathing’, India Today, 31 October 1995, p. 127.

(23)

Ibid., p. 128.

(24)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 435.

(25)

Mehta, Ved, Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s Kingdom, p. 10.

(26)

Ibid., p. 11.

(27)

Ibid., p. 2. Singh, Khushwant, op. cit., pp. 129-31.

(28)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 436.

(29)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 241.

(30)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 169.

(31)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., pp. 264-5.

(32)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), op. cit., pp. 162-4. In the manuscript letter at the Beinecke Library at Yale, Indira actually attributes the ‘things fall apart’ quotation to T. S. Eliot. Dorothy Norman silently corrected this when she published Indira’s letters. It is one of the few alterations Norman made, though she did cut personal material such as Indira’s accounts of her premenstrual tension and her experience of menopause.

(33)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 440.

(34)

Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.

(35)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(36)

Mehta, Ved, Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s Kingdom, p. 43.

(37)

Ibid., p. 27.

الفصل العشرون: مذبحة أمريتسار من جديد

(1)

Norman, Dorothy (ed.), Letters to an American Friend, p. 168. In an interview in the London Daily Express, Indira said that Gandhi ‘was a good film for the West and for those in India who did not know’ or remember the man, but she criticized the film’s historical inaccuracy and said that it failed to capture the real Gandhi, Selected Speeches and Writings of Indira Gandhi, 5, p. 462.

(2)

Ali, Tariq, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 231.

(3)

Pandian, M. S. S., ‘Culture and Subaltern Consciousness: An Aspect of the MGR Phenomenon’, in Chatterjee, Partha (ed.), State and Politics in India, p. 369.

(4)

N. T. Ramarao was a colourful figure. It was generally known that he dressed up in a sari in the privacy of his home because his astrologers had told him that this would hasten his bid to replace Indira. Indira herself was aware of NTR’s ‘cross-dressing’ and mentioned it in an interview with Tariq Ali, insisting that Ali should interview NTR in order to ‘get a real flavour of the opposition’, The Nehrus and the Gandhis, p. 231-2.

(5)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 279.

(6)

Ali, Tariq, op. cit., p. 226.

(7)

Malhotra, Inder, op. cit., p. 280.

(8)

Ibid., pp. 280-1.

(9)

Singh, Tavleen, Kashmir: A Tragedy of Errors, p. 25.

(10)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, p. 470.

(11)

Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., p. 28.

(12)

Ibid., p. 29.

(13)

Ibid., p. 35.

(14)

Thapar, Raj, All These Years, op. cit., p. 471.

(15)

Ibid. Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., pp. 35-6. Both Raj Thapar and Tavleen Singh were in the audience at the Iqbal Park rally. Thapar claimed the flashing incident was a lie; Singh reported that it did occur but ‘none of us saw it happen’.

(16)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(17)

According to B. K. Nehru, who at the time of the 1983 Kashmir state assembly elections was the state’s governor, ‘there was definitely a certain, but not great, amount of rigging … There was, of course, a hue and cry about the rigging. I accepted the fact that there was rigging. I did not accept the contention that but for the rigging the result would have been different. I told [Congress] not to appear angelic about rigging: did they not rig elections themselves in the states where they were in power?’ Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 611.

(18)

Singh, Tavleen, op. cit., p. 37.

(19)

The founder and leader of the movement is a highly charismatic figure named Velupillai Prabhakaran who runs his revolutionary guerrilla army like a religious cult. Tiger recruits, both male and female, are young, passionate and committed. Their average age is eighteen, but there are guerrillas as young as thirteen. They are fanatically devoted to Prabhakaran and his messianic goal of Tamil liberation. At the end of their rigorous training, when they become full combatants, Tiger guerrillas wear capsules of cyanide suspended from string round their necks. The cyanide is used to commit suicide rather than be taken alive by the enemy. Female tigers resort to their cyanide capsules not only when faced with capture but also when their honour is threatened. For the Tamil Tigers subscribe to a rigid code that proscribes sex, alcohol, drugs and tobacco. All Tigers aspire to martyrdom, and they vie with each other to join the elite Black Tiger squads who carry out suicide bomber missions.

(20)

This reasoned speculation was suggested to me by Robert Bradnock.

(21)

Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam, The Break-Up of Sri Lanka, p. 203.

(22)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 464.

(23)

Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a Dream, p. 97.

(24)

Ibid.

(25)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 459.

(26)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru.

(27)

Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, pp. 611-12.

(28)

Ibid., p. 622.

(29)

Ibid., p. 625.

(30)

Ibid.

(31)

Ibid., pp. 622-3.

(32)

Ibid., p. 614.

(33)

Ibid., p. 638.

(34)

Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.

(35)

Ibid.

(36)

In his autobiography Zail Singh says: ‘Towards the end of May 1984, Mrs Indira Gandhi mentioned nonchalantly that some people suggested to her to send the police into the Golden Temple complex to flush out the militants … she said she could not see any alternative.’ Singh maintains that he told her such action would not be ‘proper’ and ‘tried to persuade her not to take any provocative step … but [she] did not disclose how her mind was actually working’, Singh, Zail, Memoirs of Giani Zail Singh, p. 177.

(37)

Author’s interview with Subhadra Joshi.

(38)

The following account of the events leading up to and during Operation Blue Star draws heavily on Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob’s Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle and Nayar, Kuldip and Singh, Khushwant’s Tragedy of Punjab.

(39)

Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, op. cit., p. 143.

(40)

Ibid., p. 154.

(41)

Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 178.

(42)

Nayar, Kuldip and Singh, Khushwant, op. cit., p. 92.

(43)

Ibid.

(44)

Ibid.

(45)

Jayakar, Pupul, op. cit., p. 467.

(46)

Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 181.

(47)

Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, op. cit., p. 167.

(48)

The number of bullet holes in the Harmandiv Sahib is a matter of some dispute. Officially, the Indian army claimed it was not damaged at all.

(49)

Singh, Zail, op. cit., p. 181.

(50)

Ibid.

الفصل الحادي والعشرون: ٣١ أكتوبر عام ١٩٨٤

(1)

Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv, p. 8.

(2)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 294.

(3)

Ibid., p. 303.

(4)

Ibid., pp. 18-19.

(5)

Sarin, Ritu, The Assassination of Indira Gandhi, p. 19. Sarin’s is a detailed account of the Sikh plotters who conspired to kill Indira Gandhi in revenge for Operation Blue Star.

(6)

Jagmohan, My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir, p. 261.

(7)

Author’s interview with B. K. Nehru. Nehru, B. K., Nice Guys Finish Second, p. 627.

(8)

Jagmohan, op. cit., p. 486.

(9)

Author’s interview with Arun Nehru.

(10)

Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 300.

(11)

The new Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh did not survive a vote of confidence in the state assembly and N. T. Ramarao was reinstated in September 1984.

(12)

Gandhi, Indira, Remembered Moments, p. 79.

(13)

Young, Hugo, One of Us, pp. 372-3.

(14)

Author’s interview with Jagmohan.

(15)

Jayakar, Pupul, Indira Gandhi, p. 481. Author’s interview with Pupul Jayakar.

(16)

Ibid., pp. 482-3.

(17)

Gandhi, Indira, Selected Speeches, 5, p. 495.

(18)

Alexander, P. C., My Years With Indira Gandhi, pp. 147-8.

(19)

Sonia Gandhi, op. cit., p. 8.

(20)

Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, Amritsar, p. 2.

(21)

Author’s interview with R. K. Dhawan. Sarin, Ritu, op. cit., pp. 1-4.

(22)

Gandhi, Sonia, op. cit., p. 9.

(23)

One of Indira’s assassins, Beant Singh, died several hours before his victim was pronounced dead on the operating table at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences. After overpowering both Beant and Satwant Singh, the commandos of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police hustled them into the nearby guardroom and proceeded to assault both men. Instead of manacling the assassins, the commandos abused and beat them, and then, in a rage, pulled out their guns and opened fire. In this frenzied attempt to mete out justice, Beant Singh was shot dead and Satwant Singh critically wounded. Though no one present wished him alive, Satwant Singh was nevertheless rushed by ambulance to Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital where he eventually recovered. More than four years later, on 6 January 1989, after a protracted trial, numerous appeals, and an unsuccessful plea to the Indian President for clemency, Satwant Singh and a co-conspirator, Kehar Singh, were hanged at Tihar Jail in Delhi.

الفصل الثاني والعشرون: ما بعد إنديرا

(1)

Merchant, Minhaz, Rajiv Gandhi: The End of a Dream, p. 135.

(2)

Singh, Zail, Memoirs of Giani Zail Singh, p. 204.

(3)

Gandhi, Sonia, Rajiv, p. 9.

(4)

On 5 November 1984, the Congress parliamentary party, with a record attendance of 497 MPs, ‘ratified’ the decision the two-man Congress Parliamentary Board made on 31 October.

(5)

Rajiv had five predecessors: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Morarji Desai and Charan Singh. Indira, of course, ‘came back’ in 1980, so technically Rajiv could be said to have been the seventh Prime Minister of India.

(6)

Merchant, Minhaz, op. cit., pp. 148-9.

(7)

Author’s interviews with B. K. and Fori Nehru.

(8)

Sarin, Ritu, The Assassination of Indira Gandhi, p. 41.

(9)

Tully, Mark and Satish, Jacob, Amritsar, p. 9.

(10)

Eliot, T. S., ‘East Coker’ from Four Quartets, Malhotra, Inder, Indira Gandhi, p. 24.