ملاحظات | أتباع الشاه: انقلاب أمريكي وجذور الإرهاب في الشرق الأوسط

مساء الخير يا سيد روزفلت

Firsthand Accounts of the Events of August 15–19, 1953, Appeared in the New York Times and in Newspapers Served by the Associated Press, among them the Chicago Tribune. An Official Account Is Included in the CIA’s Clandestine Service History, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952–August 1953, Written by Donald M. Wilber and Referred to Here as “Service History.” A Summary of this History was Published in the New York Times on April 16, 2000, and the Full Document Is Available at www.nytimes.com. Kermit Roosevelt’s Memoir Is Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979). Other Accounts of the Coup Appear in Ambrose, Stephen, with Immerman, Richard H., Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment (Garden City, N.Y.: 1981); Diba, Farhad, Mohammad Mossadegh: A Political Biography (London: Croom Helm, 1986); Dorril, Stephen, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service (New York: Free Press, 2000); Elm, Mostafa, Oil, Power and Principle: Iran’s Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1992); Gasiorowski, Mark J., U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 1991); Goode, James F., The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997); Katouzian, Homa, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999); Mosley, Leonard, Power Play (Baltimore: Penguin, 1974); Prados, John, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Woodhouse, C. M., Something Ventured (London: Granada, 1982); and Zabih, Sepehr, The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Lake View Press, 1982); in Articles, Including Abrahamian, Ervand, “The 1953 Coup in Iran,” in Science & Society, vol. 65, no. 2 (Summer 2001); Gasiorowski, Mark J., “The 1953 Coup d’Etat in Iran,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies, no. 19 (1987); Louis, William Roger, “Britain and the Overthrow of the Mossadeq Government,” in Gasiorowski, Mark J., and Byrne, Malcolm (eds.), Mohammad Mossadeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, forthcoming 2003); Gasiorowski, Mark J., “The 1953 Coup d’Etat against Mossadegh” in that Same Volume; and Love, Kennett, The American Role in the Pahlavi Restoration on August 19, 1953 (unpublished), the Allen Dulles Papers, Princeton University (1960); and in two Videos, History Channel, Anatomy of a Coup: The CIA in Iran, Catalogue No. AAE-43021; and Mossadegh, Iranian Movies (www.IranianMovies.com), Tape No. 3313.
Mossadegh Fried in Persian Oil: Frankfurter Neue Presse, October 17, 1952.
Woodhouse Emphasizes Communist Threat: Woodhouse, C. M., Op. Cit., p. 117.
Philby on Roosevelt: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 110.
Roosevelt’s Feeling at Border Crossing: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 138–40.
Roosevelt at Tennis: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 154.
Zahedi Receives over $100,000: Service History, p. B2; and Gasiorowski, Mark J., “The 1953 Coup d’Etat against Mossadegh,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Groups CIA Wished to Influence, Service History, Ibid., p. 7.
Cottam on Iranian Press: Anatomy of a Coup (Video), Op. Cit.
Shah Hates Taking Decisions: Falle, Sam, My Lucky Life in War, Revolution, Peace and Diplomacy (Lewes, Sussex: Book Guild, 1996), p. 80.
Shah Sent Ashraf away: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Volume X, Iran 1951–1954, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989), p. 675.
Ashraf’s Eyes Lit up: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 586.
Ashraf’s Meeting with Shah: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 24.
Schwarzkopf Brings Bags of Money: Mosley, Op. Cit., pp. 216–219; and Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 147.
CIA Gave Shah Cover Mission: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 25; and Katouzian, Op. Cit., pp. 39–40.
Schwarzkopf Meets Shah: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 29.
Roosevelt Presumed Meeting Shah Would Be Necessary: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 149.
Roosevelt Authorized to Speak: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 154.
Roosevelt’s Costume: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 155.
Roosevelt’s First Meeting with Shah: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 156–157.
Roosevelt Tells Shah United States Will Not Accept Second Korea: Service History, Op. Cit., pp. 33–34.
Roosevelt Meets Agents in Cars: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 162.
Roosevelt’s Later Meetings with Shah: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 163–166.
Shah Feels Stubborn Irresolution: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 35.
Shah Will Fly to Baghdad: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 161.
Fake Message from Eisenhower: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 168.
Firmans Arrive: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 170–171.
Time Moved Slowly: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 171.
CIA Report on Coup Preparations: Service History, Op. Cit., pp. 36–38.
Nothing to Do but Wait: Service History, Ibid., p. 38.
“Luck Be a Lady”: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 172.
Roosevelt Drives Past Riahi’s Home: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 172.
Shah Will Look for Work: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Volume X, Op. Cit., p. 747.
Roosevelt Close to Despair: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 173.
Waller Telegram: Waller’s Remarks at Conference in Oxford, England, June 10, 2002.
Fatemi Speech: New York Times, August 17, 1953.

ملعون ذلك المصير

Ferdowsi Lament: Mackey, Sandra, The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation (New York: Plume, 1996), p. 62.
Hidden Imam: Tabatabai, Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, Shi’ite Islam (Albany: State University of New York, 1977), p. 214.
Fischer on Shiites: Fischer, Michael M. J., Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980) pp. 24–27.
Battle Cry of Ismail: Mottadeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (New York: Pantheon, 1985), p. 173.
Ismail Adopts Shiism: Arjomand, Said Amir, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 109.
Modern Author on Isfahan: Nagel Encyclopedia Guide, Quoted in Arab, Gholam Hossein, Isfahan (Tehran: Farhangsara, 1996), p. 1.
Curzon on Qajars: Ghods, M. Reza, Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1989), p. 2.

آخر قطرة من دماء الأمة

Curzon on Reuter Concession: Curzon, George Nathaniel, Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1892), p. 480.
Tobacco Revolt and Fatwa: Afary, Janet, The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, and the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 29–33.
Shah Borrows Half a Million Pounds: Keddie, Nikki, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 67.
D’Arcy Concession: Ferrier, R. W., The History of the British Petroleum Company, Vol. 1: The Developing Years 1901–1932 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 42.
Demand for National Assembly: Martin, Vanessa, Islam and Modernism: The Iranian Revolution of 1906 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1989), p. 74.
British Secretary Accepts bast: Afary, Op. Cit., p. 55.
Majlis Must Decide: Martin, Ibid., p. 99.
British Diplomat: Martin, Ibid., p. 199.
Thrown out Law of the Prophet: Martin, Ibid., p. 125.
Constitutional Government Not Advisable: Martin, Ibid., p. 114.
Overthrow of Islam: Martin, Ibid., p. 62.
Two Enticing Words: Martin, Ibid., p. 128.
Openness against Insularity: Mackey, Op. Cit., p. 136.
We Want the Koran: Mackey, Ibid., p. 152.
Lying between Life and Death: Bayat, Mangol, Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–6 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 244.
Prize from Fairyland: Churchill, Winston, The World Crisis 1911–1914 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), p. 134.
Curzon on Persia’s importance: Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, First Series, Vol. IV (London: Government Printing Press), pp. 1119–1121.
Reza Khan in Disturbances: Farmanfarmaian, Manucher, and Farmanfarmaian, Roxane, Blood and Oil: Inside the Shah’s Iran (New York: Modern Library, 1999), p. 115.
Reza’s Speech: Elwell-Sutton, L. P., “Reza Shah the Great: Founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty,” in Lenczowski, George, Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institute, 1978), p. 18.
Involvement of British Officers: Katouzian, Homa, Op. Cit., pp. 16–17.
Nicholson on Persia: Ferrier, Op. Cit., p. 589.
Khorasan Massacre: Mackey, Op. Cit., p. 182.
Hamedan Baker: Author’s Interviews in Iran, 2002.
Reza Orders Mail Returned: Mackey, Op. Cit., p. 178.
Reza Largest Landowner in Iran: Mackey, Ibid., p. 173.
Only One Thief in Iran: Ghods, Op. Cit., p. 93.
Newspaper on Common Goals in Iran and Germany: Ghods, Ibid., p. 166.
Allied Leaflet: Goode, James F., The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Mussadiq (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), pp. 9-10.

موجة من النفط

Helpless Crew: Longhurst, Henry, Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959), p. 21.
Petroliferous Territory: Longhurst, Ibid., p. 17.
Ahmad Shah as Elderly Child: Yergin, Daniel, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), p. 136.
Telegram to Reynolds: Longhurst, Op. Cit., p. 31.
Mastery Itself Was the Prize: Churchill, Op. Cit., p. 136.
Sunshine, Mud, and Flies: Longhurst, Op. Cit., p. 45.
Curzon on Wave of Oil: London Times, November 22, 1918.
Production Increases at Abadan: Heiss, Mary Ann, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 6.
Royalty Payment in 1920: Heiss, Ibid., p. 6.
Reza Burns File: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 31.
Cadman Had Attended Reza’s Coronation: Bill, James A., The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 59.
Terms of 1933 Oil Accord: Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 13.
Cadman Cable: Longhurst, Op. Cit., p. 78.
Strike at Abadan: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., p. 186.
Increase in Oil Production during 1940s: Bamberg, J. H., The History of the British Petroleum Company: Vol. II: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 242.
Assessment of Young Mossadegh: Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 1.
Mossadegh’s Reaction to Anglo-Persian Agreement: Katouzian, Ibid., p. 13.
Cousin’s View of Mossadegh: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., pp. 166–170.
If Subjugation Were Beneficial: Azimi, Fakhreddin, “The Reconciliation of Politics and Ethics, Nationalism and Democracy: An Overview of the Political Career of Dr. Mohammad Musaddiq,” in Bill, James A., and Louis, William Roger (eds.), Mussadiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil (London: I. B. Tauris, 1988), p. 50.
Cut off My Head: Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 25.
Mossadegh Taken Prisoner: Katouzian, Ibid., p. 33.

أوامر سيده

(The Notation FO Refers to Numbered Documents of the British Foreign Office.)
Shah’s Affairs: Forbis, William H., Fall of the Peacock Throne: The Story of Iran (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 53.
Chauffeur in One-Way Street: Arfa, Hassan, under Five Shahs (New York: William Morrow, 1965), p. 305.
Succession to Reza Shah: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., pp. 141–142; and Katouzian, pp. 39–40.
General Schwarzkopf’s Background: Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, It Doesn’t Take a Hero (New York: Bantam, 1992), pp. 3–4.
Anglo-Iranian’s 1947 Profits and Iran’s Share: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., p. 212.
Conditions at Abadan: Farmanfarmaian, Ibid., pp. 184-185.
Bevin on British Standard of Living: Yergin, Op. Cit., p. 427.
Fraser Proposes Supplemental Agreement: Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 7.
British Want the Whole World: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 55.
Iskandari Threat to Nationalize Oil: Katouzian, Op. Cit., pp. 67-68.
Shah’s Visit to United States: Bill, Op. Cit., p. 40.
Visit Did Not Go Well: McGhee, George, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), pp. 66–71.
Joint Communiqué: Alexander, Yonah, and Nanes, Allen (eds.), The United States and Iran: A Documentary History (Frederick, Md.: Alethia Books, 1980), p. 208.
No Intention of Carrying Out Orders: FO 371/91448, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 63.
British Will Treat Hysterical Deputies: FO 371/91512.
Sharogh Role: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 70.
Work of Oil Committee: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., pp. 241-242.
Kashani on Foreign Yoke: Cottam, Richard W., Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979), p. 152.
Mossadegh Warns Razmara of Disgrace: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 71.
Northcroft Says Nationalists Unimportant: FO 371/91524, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 74.
Fateh Letter to Elkington: Elm, Ibid., pp. 75–76.
Britain’s Immense Service to Mankind: Elm, Ibid., p. 79.
Shepherd Wrote the Gist: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 80.
Statement of Razmara’s Assassin: Cottam, Op. Cit., p. 151.
Mossadegh Doubts Effectiveness of Bodyguards: Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 83.
Colonel on Colt bullet: Katouzian, Ibid., p. 84.
Shepherd Messages to Shah and Ala, and Ala’s Response: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 81–82.
Morrison Urges Troops toward Iran: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 83.
Qualities of Typical Persian: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 24.
Foreign Office Strategy: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 84.
Emami on British Payroll: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 573.

أعداء غير مرئيين في كل مكان

CIA Mandate: NSC 10/2, “National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects,” Quoted in Etzold, Thomas H., and Gaddis, John Lewis, Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), pp. 125–128.
NSC-68: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. I, pp. 237–292.
Truman Points to Iran: Truman Conversation with George M. Elsey, June 26, 1950, Quoted in Byrne, Malcolm, “The Evolution of U.S. Policy toward Iran after World War II,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Baskerville as American Lafayette: Bill, James A., Op. Cit., p. 17.
American Contribution: Farman Farmaian, Sattareh, Daughter of Persia: A Woman’s Journey From Her Father’s Harem Through the Islamic Revolution (New York: Anchor, 1992), pp. 56-57.
Unbounded Confidence in America: Cottam, Richard W., Iran and the United States: A Cold War Case Study (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988), p. 39.
McGhee Finds Shah’s Plans Grandiose: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 69.
Nothing in the Till: McGhee, Ibid., p. 320.
Funkhouser Report: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. V, pp. 76–96.
One Penny More: Bill, Op. Cit., p. 72.
Fergusson Report: Louis, William Roger, “Britain and the Overthrow of the Mossadeq Government,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
McGhee Meeting in Istanbul: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Vol. V, pp. 60–71.
Bevin on Nationalization: Bill and Louis, Op. Cit., p. 6.
McGhee Meets Shah: McGhee, Ibid., pp. 326–328.
McGhee Meets Shepherd: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 326.
Meetings in Washington: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 37–42; also McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 335.
Radio Tehran’s Broadcast: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 31.
Morrison Cable to Franks: FO 371/91535, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 112.
Acheson on Mossadegh: Chase, James, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), p. 353.
New York Times Profile of Mossadegh: May 7, 1951.
State Department Recognizes Sovereign Rights of Iran: Alexander and Nanes, Op. Cit., p. 216.
Morrison Annoyed: FO 371/91535, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 17.
Morrison Message to Acheson: FO 371/91471, Quoted in Abrahamian Article in Science and Society, Op. Cit.
Truman Exchange with Attlee: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 59–63.
Grady on Nationalization: Wall Street Journal, June 9, 1951.
Jackson Proposal: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 115-116.
Iranian Oil Clearly British Property: Security Council Official Records, 559th Meeting, October 1, 1951, p. 11.
They Will Come Crawling: New York Herald Tribune, July 15, 1951.
Drake on Staying Forever: Interview in Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
Morrison in House of Commons: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 89.
Patrick Hurley Testimony: Baltimore Sun, June 21, 1951.
British Press on Mossadegh: Abrahamian Article in Science and Society, Op. Cit.
Washington Post Sees Stricken State: April 7, 1951.
New York Times on Comparisons of Mossadegh to American Patriots: November 8, 1951.
Chicago Daily News on McGhee: June 30, 1951.
Leggett on Anglo-Iranian: FO 371/91522, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 90.
Younger on Anglo-Iranian: Sampson, Anthony, The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made (New York: Viking, 1975), p. 120.
Mountbatten on Morrison: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 90-91.
Labor Attaché on Abadan: FO 371/91628, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., p. 103.
Jerusalem Post: FO 371/91628, Citing Post Article of July 6, 1951, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., pp. 103-104.
Mossadegh Appeal to British Technicians: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 118.
Secret British Documents: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 120.
Throw Them to the Dogs: Elm, Ibid., p. 121.
National Security Council Report: NSC 107/2, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 71–76.
Mossadegh Letter to Truman: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Ibid., pp. 77–79.
Grady Cable: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Ibid., pp. 79–81.
Shepherd Wants to Get Mossadegh Out: FO 371/91582, Quoted in Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 94.
Iranian Minister at the Hague: New York Times, July 6, 1951.
Truman Letter to Mossadegh: Alexander and Nanes, Op. Cit., pp. 218-219.
Morrison Opposes Harriman Mission: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 82–84.
Acheson View of Morrison and Shepherd: Abrams, Rudy, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986 (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 470.
Shepherd Opposes Harriman Mission: New York Herald Tribune, July 13, 1951.
Foreign Office Directs Shepherd to Apologize: FO 371/91562, Cited in Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 126-127.
Grady Should Urge Mossadegh to Accept Harriman Mission: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 88.

إنك لا تعلم كم هم أشرار

Mossadegh Tells Harriman He Doesn’t Know British: Walters, Vernon A., Silent Missions (New York: Doubleday, 1978), p. 242.
Mossadegh Sends Grandson to English School: Walters, Ibid., p. 253.
Harriman Finds Mossadegh Rigid and Obsessed: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 94.
Harriman’s Impression of Mossadegh: Abramson, Rudy, Op. Cit., p. 472.
Mossadegh on Foreign Influence, and “Tant Pis pour Nous”: Walters, Op. Cit., pp. 251-252.
Walters on Mossadegh’s Negotiating Style: Walters, Ibid., p. 250.
Walters Compares Mossadegh to Jimmy Durante: Walters, Ibid., p. 248.
Walters’s Translations: Walters, Ibid., pp. 253-254.
Mossadegh on Crafty and Evil British: Walters, Ibid., p. 247.
Levy Colloquy: New York Times, October 7, 1951.
Harriman’s Failed News Conference: Abramson, Op. Cit., p. 473.
Harriman Meets Kashani: Abramson, Op. Cit., pp. 474-475; and Walters, Ibid., p. 255.
Harriman Cable on Anglo-Iranian’s Absentee Management: Abramson, Op. Cit., p. 476.
Mossadegh Agrees to Negotiate If British Accept Nationalization: Abramson, Op. Cit., p. 476.
Instructions to Stokes: FO 371/91575, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 134.
Mossadegh and Stokes on Divorce: FO 371/91577, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 135.
Stokes Finds Proposals too Transparent: FO 371/91578, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., p. 137.
Stokes Visit to Abadan: FO 371/91580, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., p. 136.
Harriman Shocked by Conditions at Abadan: Abramson, Op. Cit., p. 479.
Harriman Says Lack of British Cooperation Endangers His Mission: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 103.
Harriman’s Trips to Cool off: Walters, Op. Cit., p. 257.
Stokes Told to Offer No Further Concessions: FO 371/91579, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 141.
The Result Is Nothing: Newsweek, September 3, 1951.
Attlee-Truman Exchange: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 43.
Walters Recalls a Mission Unlike Any Other: Walters, Op. Cit., p. 263.
Franks Says British Troops Would Have a Steadying Influence: Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Vol. V, Op. Cit., pp. 233–237.
Bolton Suggests Direct Intervention: FO 371/91525, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 156.
Shinwell Doesn’t Want Tail Twisted: Elm, Ibid., p. 157.
British Could Bring Africans to Abadan: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 160.
Plans to Invade Abadan: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 155–168; and Goode, Op. Cit., p. 33.
Lord Fraser on Dumps and Doldrums: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 162.
Gifford Tells Acheson of Invasion Plans: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 54-55.
Acheson Warns Franks against Invasion: FO 371/91534, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 158.
Wall Street Journal Laments Threats: April 7, 1951.
Philadelphia Inquirer Warns of World War III: August 28, 1951.
Howard K. Smith Commentary: May 20, 1951, Reported in FO 371/91538, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 159.
Morrison on Mossadegh’s Fanaticism: Morrison, Herbert, An Autobiography (London: Odhams, 1960), p. 281.
Acheson Warns of Disastrous Consequences: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 165.
Attlee Tells Cabinet There Will Be No Invasion: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 166-167.
Lambton Advises Foreign Office on Propaganda Lines: Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Zaehner Combines High Thought with Low Living: Louis Article, Ibid.
Drake on Lack of Cooperation with Iranians: Interview in Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
British Prevent Foreign Oil Experts from Traveling to Iran: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 148–150.
Foreign Office Places Advertisements: FO 371/91613, with Text of ads, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., p. 146.
Mason Intercepts Telegrams: Elm, Ibid., pp. 146-147.
Acheson on Grady’s Strong Personality: Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969), p. 224.
Henderson Considers Mossadegh a Madman: Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 180.
Grady Warns against Giving Iran a Forum: London Daily Standard, October 15, 1951.
Acheson Warns Morrison against U.N. Debate: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 201.
Gifford on His Meeting with Morrison: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Ibid., p. 205.

عجوز داهية

Mossadegh Is Symbol of Surging Nationalism: New York Times, October 9, 1951.
Daily News on Mossy: Newsweek, August 15, 1953.
Mossadegh Statement upon Arriving in New York: New York Times, October 9, 1951.
Newsweek on Mossadegh: August 15, 1953.
Jebb Opening Statement to Security Council: Security Council Official Records, 559th Meeting, October 1, 1951.
New York Times on Idle Abadan: October 19, 1951.
Jebb Urges Mossadegh Not to Brood: Security Council Official Records, 560th Meeting, October 15, 1951.
Mossadegh Speech to Security Council: Security Council Official Records, Ibid.
Mossadegh and Jebb on British-Iranian Friendship: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 57.
McGhee on Liaquat: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 93.
Churchill in Liverpool: London Times, October 3, 1951.
Second Day of Security Council Meeting: Security Council Official Records, 561st Meeting, October 16, 1951.
Third Day: Security Council Official Records, 562nd Meeting, October 17, 1951.
Reston Column: New York Times, October 18, 1951.
Truman Received Profile of Mossadegh: White House Declassified Documents (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Doc. 780.
Adjectives British Applied to Mossadegh: Abrahamian Article in Science & Society, Op. Cit.
Mossadegh Arrival at Union Station: Acheson, Op. Cit., pp. 503-504.
Mossadegh Meets with Truman: Acheson, Ibid., p. 504.
New York Times Describes Compromise Proposal: October 25, 1951.
Strang Rejects Proposal: FO 371/91609, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 187.
Butler on Britain’s Viability: FO 371/91602, Quoted in Elm, Ibid., p. 188.
Reston Says United States Intervened Too Late: New York Times, October 18, 1951.
McGhee’s Efforts with Mossadegh: McGhee, Op. Cit., pp. 390-391.
McGhee Bids Farewell to Mossadegh: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 403.
Walters Pays Final Visit to Mossadegh: Walters, Op. Cit., p. 262.
Egyptian Newspapers Hail Mossadegh: Elm, p. 193.
Mossadegh and Nahas Pasha Issue Statement: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 404.
Churchill Says Attlee Had Scuttled and Run: Dorril, p. 560.
Churchill Directs Attlee to be Stubborn: FO 371/91609, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 189.
Churchill Describes Mossadegh as Elderly Lunatic: Goode, Op. Cit., pp. 34-35.
McGhee Sees Almost the End of the World: McGhee, Op. Cit., p. 403.
Mossadegh as Man of the Year: Time, January 7, 1952.

البريطانيون الحمقى

Shah Will Pack His Suitcase: Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 122.
Mossadegh Argues and Faints: Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 123; and Musaddiq, Mohammad (Edited by Homa Katouzian), Musaddiq’s Memoirs: Dr. Mohammad Musaddiq, Champion of the Popular Movement of Iran and Former Prime Minister (London: Jebhe, 1988), p. 340.
Mossadegh’s Resignation Letter: Zabih, Sepehr, The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Lake View Press, 1982), p. 40.
Mossadegh Statement on Suspending Election: Zabih, Ibid., p. 38.
Churchill on Italians: FO 371/10465, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 268.
Mossadegh at World Court: Elm, Ibid., pp. 208–214; and Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 129.
Voyage of Rose Mary: Heiss, Ibid., p. 130.
Mossadegh Leaves Favorable Impression: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 213.
Drop in Oil Revenue and Mossadegh Reaction: Elm, Ibid., pp. 271-272.
Zaehner on Qavam: Katouzian, Op. Cit., pp. 121-122.
Majlis Members Split between Mossadegh and Qavam: Zabih, Op. Cit., pp. 41-41.
Qavam Statements as Prime Minister: Zabih, Ibid., p. 44; and Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 124.
Kashani Denounces Qavam: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 242.
Tudeh Protests against Qavam: Zabih, Op. Cit., p. 63.
Mossadegh Presents Koran to Shah: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 247.
Mossadegh Tells Shah He Could Go down in History: Zabih, Op. Cit., p. 66.
Middleton Cables: Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
New York Times on Zahedi: August 20, 1953.
MacLean on Zahedi’s Arrest: MacLean, Fitzroy, Eastern Approaches (London: Penguin, 1991), pp. 266–274.
Churchill Has No Regard for Timid Diplomatists: Woodhouse, Op. Cit., p. 125.
Churchill Concerned about Jones trip, and Exchange with Truman: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 250–252; and Goode, Op. Cit., p. 87.
Acheson Says British Want Rule or Ruin: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 257.
Truman Says Nationalization Has Become As Sacred As the Koran: Heiss, Op. Cit., p. 140.
Joint Letter to Mossadegh: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 250–252.
Mossadegh Says Britain Has Plundered Poor Nations: Elm, Ibid., p. 253.
Churchill Urges Truman Not to Go Further: Elm, Ibid., p. 254.
Eden on Persian Language: Eden, Anthony, Full Circle: The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 211.
Acheson on Eden’s View of Iranians: Chase, Op. Cit., p. 353.
Truman Letter to Grady: Henry Grady Papers, Box 2, 1952, at Harry Truman Library.
Roosevelt Didn’t Talk Spook: New York Times, June 11, 2000.
Roosevelt Is Coolness Personified: The Independent (London), June 15, 2000.
Roosevelt Thinks Republicans Might Be Different: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 107.

شمر عن ذراعيك وابدأ العمل

Rashidians Receive £10,000 Monthly: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 564; and Woodhouse, Op. Cit., p. 118.
Recipients of Foreign Bribes: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 7.
Description of Rashidian Brothers: Bill, Op. Cit., p. 91.
Woodhouse on Anglo-Iranian Directors: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 580.
Woodhouse on His Washington Presentation: Woodhouse, Op. Cit, pp. 117-118.
Background of John Foster Dulles: Preussen, Ronald W., John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power (New York: Free Press, 1982).
Background of Allen Dulles: Grose, Peter, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
Allen Dulles Urges CIA to Launch Worldwide Covert Action Program: Grose, Ibid., p. 292.
Smith Tells Roosevelt to Get Going: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., pp. 115-116.
Henderson Says Mossadegh Lacks Stability: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 82.
Henderson on National Front: Ambrose, Op. Cit., p. 109.
Joint Cable from Henderson and Middleton: Brands, Op. Cit., p. 272.
Henderson in Touch with Zahedi: Brands, Ibid., pp. 272–279.
United States Can No Longer Approve of Mossadegh Government: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 2.
Eisenhower Complains about British Efforts: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 277.
Sinclair Visits Washington: Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Ibid.
Shah in Hysterical State: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., pp. 681–683.
Shaban Crashes Through Gate: Kennett Love Article in Allen Dulles Papers, Op. Cit.; and New York Times, August 23, 1953.
Mob Organized by Kashani: FO 371/10562, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., p. 295.
Allen Dulles Warns of Communist Takeover: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 689.
March 4 Meeting of National Security Council: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 693.
Eisenhower Considers Mossadegh only Hope for West and Wants to Give Him $10 Million: FO 371/104614, Quoted in Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 282-283.
Dulles and Eden Issue Communiqué: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 277–283.
Pardon for Tahmasibi: Azimi, Fakhreddin, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy 1941–53 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989), p. 298.
Zaehner Report on Splitting National Front: Abrahamian Article in Science & Society, Op. Cit.
Eisenhower Has Real Doubts: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 713.
Wisner Says CIA Ready to Discuss Plot: Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Allen Dulles Approves $1 Million: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 3.
Afshartus Kidnapping: Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit., Note 170; and Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 585.
Eisenhower Letter to Mossadegh: New York Times, July 10, 1953.
Eisenhower and Churchill Approve Plot: Service History, Op. Cit., p. vi; Prados, John, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (New York: William Morrow, 1986), p. 95; Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 587; Woodhouse, Op. Cit., p. 125; and Louis Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Wilber and Darbyshire Begin Work in Cyprus: Service History, Op. Cit., pp. 5-6.
Initial Plan for Coup: Service History, pp. B1–B10 and 16–18; and Gasiorowski Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Dulles on Getting Rid of This Madman: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 8.
Dulles Polls Advisers and Then Decides to Get Going: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 18; Elm, Op. Cit., p. 299; and Bill and Louis, Op. Cit., p. 283.
Bohlen Opposes Coup: FO371/98603.
Goiran Opposes Coup: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 584.
Bedamn Budget Compared to Worldwide Covert Action Budget: Gasiorowski Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
John Foster Dulles Asks Allen Dulles if Plot Is Still on: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 737.
John Foster Dulles Makes Public Statement: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 338.
Wilber on Anti-Government Propaganda: Wilber, Donald N., Adventures in the Middle East: Excursions and Incursions (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin, 1986), pp. 188-189.

كنت أعلم ذلك! إنهم يحبونني!

For Sources of Information about the Events of Mid-August 1953 in Tehran, See Notes for Chapter 1.
Roosevelt Meets Zahedi: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., pp. 166-167; and Service History, p. 45.
Smith on Snuggling up to Mossadegh: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 748.
Ardeshir Zahedi Receives Journalists: Kennett Love Article, Op. Cit.; and Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 592.
Love on Copying Machine: Anatomy of a Coup (Video), Op. Cit.
Roosevelt Had Sent Rashidians to Washington: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 80.
Jalili and Keyvani Vitally Important: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 7.
Fatemi on Royal Robbery: London Times, August 17, 1953.
McClure Mission: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 306; and Service History, Op. Cit., p. 46.
Jalili and Keyvani Prefer Money to Execution: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 595; and Gasiorowski Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
Roosevelt Sees Slight Chance of Success: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 51.
Roosevelt Prepares Escape plan: Gasiorowski Article in International Journal, Op. Cit.
Love on Military-Looking Car: Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
Roosevelt on Anti-Shah Protesters: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 180.
Roosevelt Admits Small Complications, Gives Henderson Assignment: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 183-184.
Roosevelt Describes Mossadegh As Old Bugger: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 163.
Monday Was Active and Trying Time: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 56.
Riots Scare Roosevelt: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 179.
Henderson Meets Mossadegh: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 185; and Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, Op. Cit., p. 750.
Mossadegh’s Fatal Mistake: Time, August 31, 1953.
Daftary Leads Troops to Royalist Side: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 593; and Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 191.
New York Times on Policemen Swinging into Action: August 19, 1953.
Shah Arrives in Rome: London Times, August 19, 1953.
Shah Doesn’t Expect to Return Home in Immediate Future: New York Times, August 19, 1953.
Shah Likely to Join Colony of Exiled Monarchs: London Daily Telegraph, August 19, 1953.
Waller on Crowds in Iran: Anatomy of a Coup (Video), Op. Cit.
Ten Thousand Dollars Sent to Kashani: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 593; and Gasiorowski Article in International Journal, Op. Cit.
Zirkaneh Giants: Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, Op. Cit., p. 210.
Mossadegh Refuses to Arm Tudeh: Author’s Interview with Former Tehran Mayor, Nosratollah Amini, June 23, 2002; and Lapping, Op. Cit., p. 215.
Tribal Chiefs Paid by Roosevelt’s Agents: Gasiorowski Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.
New York Times on Bully-Boys: August 23, 1953.
Cottam on Mob: Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
Smith Exchanges Cables with Roosevelt: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 190.
Roosevelt Hears Radio Broadcast: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 187–191.
Roosevelt Fetches Zahedi: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., pp. 193-194.
Roosevelt Toasts Impending Victory: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 194.
Radio Plays “Star-Spangled Banner”: Interview with Malcolm Byrne in Anatomy of a Coup (Video), Op. Cit.
Shah and Empress React to News of Coup: London Times, August 20, 1953.
Shah Regrets Not Playing Important Part: New York Times, August 19, 1953.
Mossadegh Says He Prefers to Die: Saheb Interview in Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
Kissing Party: Elm, Op. Cit., pp. 307-308; and Katouzian, Op. Cit., p. 192.
Roosevelt and Comrades Full of Jubilation: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 195.
Meeting of Roosevelt, Henderson, and Ardeshir Zahedi: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 195-196.
Roosevelt Speaks at Victory Party: Roosevelt, Ibid., pp. 195–197.
Some Victims Had Banknotes in Their Pockets: Elm, Op. Cit., p. 308.
Three Hundred Killed: New York Times, August 20, 1953; and Time, August 31, 1953.
New York Times on Sudden Reversal: August 23, 1953.
Associated Press on Zahedi’s Coup: Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1953.
A Day That Should Never Have Ended: Secret History, Op. Cit., p. 77.
Zahedi Sends Batmanqelich to Pick up Mossadegh: Diba, Op. Cit., p. 186.
Mossadegh Arrives and Greets Zahedi: Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1953.
Zahedi Orders That Mossadegh Be Addressed Respectfully: Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1953.
British Airliner Unsuitable: London Times, August 21, 1953.
Dutch Airline Charter: New York Times, August 23, 1953.
Shah on Mossadegh’s Crimes: New York Times, August 23, 1953.
Shah’s Airport Reception: New York Times, August 23, 1953.
Shah’s Radio Speech: London Times, August 24, 1953.
Zahedi Will Send Mossadegh to City Jail: London Times, August 24, 1953.
Zahedi’s Government Receives Millions from CIA: Service History, Op. Cit., p. xiii.
Zahedi Receives $1 Million for Himself: Gasiorowski, US Foreign Policy and the Shah, Op. Cit., p. 90.
Roosevelt’s Final Meeting with Shah: Roosevelt, pp. 199–202.
Roosevelt Leaves with Tears in His Eyes: Roosevelt, Ibid., p. 203.

جون داليس راضٍ تمامًا

Mossadegh on His Only Crime: Musaddiq, Op. Cit., p. 74.
Riot Outside Mossadegh’s Home: Author’s Interview with Mahmoud Mossadegh, August 19, 2002.
Officers Arrested and Executed: Diba, Op. Cit., p. 191.
Tudeh Activists Executed: Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 280.
Fatemi on Traitor Shah, and Snake Who Bites: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 123.
1962 Rally: Diba, Op. Cit., p. 193.
Mossadegh Wants God to Take Him: Musaddiq, Op. Cit., p. 80.
Consortium Agreement: Elm, Op. Cit, pp. 310–331; Heiss, Op. Cit., pp. 187–220; and Goode, Op. Cit., pp. 138–153.
Shah on Mossadegh’s Xenophobia: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Mission for My Country (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960), pp. 302, 127.
Shah on Mossadegh’s Nationalism: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), p. 84.
Shah on Worst Years of His Life: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 155.
Bakhtiar Visits Mossadegh’s Grave: Goode, Ibid., p. xiii.
Khomeini Rants at Bakhtiar: Farmanfarmaian, Op. Cit., p. 452.
Ardeshir Zahedi Denies CIA Involvement: Zahedi, Ardeshir, “What Really Happened,” www.ardeshirzahedi.com.
Shaban Receives Cadillac: Diba, Op. Cit., p. 190.
Ashraf on Unsubstantiated Allegations: Pahlavi, Ashraf, Faces in a Mirror (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980), p. xiv.
Dulles on Woodhouse’s Nice Little Egg: Dorril, Op. Cit., p. 596.
Woodhouse on First Step toward Catastrophe: Woodhouse, Op. Cit., p. 131.
Morrison Recalls Little about Iran: Morrison, Op. Cit., pp. 281-282.
Eden Defends Decision Not to Wage War: Eden, Op. Cit., pp. 246-247.
Eden on Morrison: Harris, Kenneth, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1982), p. 472.
Churchill Considers Ajax Finest Operation: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 81.
Roosevelt Meets Churchill: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 207.
Eisenhower Awards Medal to Roosevelt: Prados, Op. Cit., pp. 91-92.
Hostage-Taker Fears Another Coup: Zahrani, Mostafa T., “The Coup That Changed the Middle East: Mossadeq v. the CIA in Retrospect,” in World Policy Journal (Summer 2002).
Khamenei Says His Movement Not Like Mossadegh’s: Abrahamian Article, Op. Cit.
Iranian Intellectual on Legacy of Coup: Zahrani Article in World Policy Journal, Op. Cit.
Waller Defends Coup: Statement to Conference in Oxford, England, June 10, 2002.
Falle on Legacy: Falle, Op. Cit., p. 81.
Tudeh Strength Exaggerated: Gasiorowski Article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Op. Cit.; Behrooz, “The 1953 Coup in Iran and the Legacy of the Tudeh,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Ibid.; and Abrahamian Article in Science & Society, Op. Cit.
Acheson on Losing So Much So Stupidly: Acheson, Op. Cit., p. 503.
Acheson on Mossadegh’s Responsibility: Acheson, Ibid., p. 504.
Nixon on Acheson’s Cowardly College: New York Times, November 2, 1952.
Dulles Purrs: Roosevelt, Op. Cit., p. 209.
Bakhtiar Says Mossadegh Should Have Shot Plotters: Mossadegh (Video), Op. Cit.
CIA Says Some Facts Will Never Be Known: Service History, Op. Cit., p. 67.
Eisenhower Meets Shah: New York Times, December 15, 1959.
Eisenhower Refers Obliquely to Coup: Eisenhower, Dwight, Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953–1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), p. 164; and Ambrose, Stephen, Eisenhower: The President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), p. 129.
Albright Acknowledges American Responsibility: New York Times, March 18, 2000.
Bill on Legacy: Bill, Op. Cit., pp. 288-289.
Cottam on Legacy: Cottam, Iran and the United States, Op. Cit., pp. 261–263.
Gasiorowski on Legacy: Gasiorowski Article in International Journal, Op. Cit.
Goode on Legacy: Goode, Op. Cit., p. 124.
Heiss on Legacy: Heiss, Op. Cit., pp. 234–238.
Keddie on Legacy: Keddie, Op. Cit., pp. 142, 275-276.
Louis on Legacy: Bill and Louis, Op. Cit., pp. 255-256.