قائمة المراجع
الفصل الأول: هل يوجد ما يُعرف بعُسر القراءة؟
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الفصل الثاني: كيفية تعلُّم القراءة (وما يحُول دون تعلم القراءة)
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Hulme, C., Bowyer-Crane, C., Carroll, J. M., Duff, F. J., and Snowling, M. J. (2012). The Causal Role of Phoneme Awareness and Letter-Sound Knowledge in Learning to Read: Combining Intervention Studies with Mediation Analyses. Psychological Science, 23(6), 572–7.
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Caravolas, M., Hulme, C., and Snowling, M. J. (2001). The Foundations of Spelling Ability: Evidence from a 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Memory and Language, 45(4), 751–74.
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Caravolas, M., Lervåg, A., Mousikou, P., Efrim, C., Litavsky, M., Onochie-Quintanilla, E., and Hulme, C. (2012). Common Patterns of Prediction of Literacy Development in Different Alphabetic Orthographies. Psychological Science, 23(6), 678–86.
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Caravolas, M., Lervåg, A., Defior, S., Seidlová Málková, G., and Hulme, C. (2013). Different Patterns, but Equivalent Predictors, of Growth in Reading in Consistent and Inconsistent Orthographies. Psychological Science, 24(8), 1398–407. doi: 10.1177/0956797612473122.
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Pan, J., Song, S., Su, M., McBride, C., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., and Shu, H. (2016). On the Relationship between Phonological Awareness, Morphological Awareness and Chinese Literacy Skills: Evidence from an 8-Year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Science, 19(6), 982–91.
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الفصل الثالث: ما الأسباب الإدراكية لعُسر القراءة؟
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Lervåg, A. and Hulme, C. (2009). Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) Taps a Mechanism That Places Constraints on the Development of Early Reading Fluency. Psychological Science, 20(8), 1040–8.
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Hulme, C., Nash, H. M., Gooch, D., Lervåg, A., and Snowling, M. J. (2015). The Foundations of Literacy Development in Children at Familial Risk of Dyslexia. Psychological Science, 26(12), 1877–86.
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Vellutino, F. R., Fletcher, J. M., Snowling, M. J., and Scanlon, D. M. (2004). Specific Reading Disability (Dyslexia): What Have We Learned in the Past Four Decades? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 2–40.
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Pennington, B. F. (2006). From Single to Multiple Deficit Models of Developmental Disorders. Cognition, 101(2), 385–413.
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Snowling, M. J., Nash, H. M., Gooch, D., Hayiou-Thomas, M. E., Hulme, C., and the Wellcome Language and Reading Team (2019). Developmental Outcomes of Children at High Risk of Dyslexia and Developmental Language Disorder. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13216.
الفصل الرابع: جينات عسر القراءة والبيئة: أهو تفاعل معقد؟
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Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2010). “It’s the Environment Stupid!” On Epigenetics, Programming and Plasticity in Child Mental Health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(2), 113–15.
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Dilnot, J., Hamilton, L., Maughan, B., and Snowling, M. J. (2017). Child and Environmental Risk Factors Predicting Readiness for Learning in Children at High Risk of Dyslexia. Development and Psychopathology, 29(1), 235–44.
الفصل الخامس: الدماغ المصاب بعسر القراءة
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Paulesu, E., Frith, U., Snowling, M., Gallagher, A., Morton, J., Frackowiak, R. S., and Frith, C. D. (1996). Is Developmental Dyslexia a Disconnection Syndrome? Evidence from PET Scanning. Brain, 119(1), 143–57.
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Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Mencl, W. E., Constable, R. T., …, and Gore, J. C. (2001). The Neurobiology of Dyslexia. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 1(4), 291–9.
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Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., Mencl, W. E., Constable, R. T., …, and Gore, J. C. (2003). Neural Systems for Compensation and Persistence: Young Adult Outcome of Childhood Reading Disability. Biological Psychiatry, 54(1), 25–33.
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Shaywitz, S. and Shaywitz, B. (2008). Paying Attention to Reading: The Neurobiology of Reading and Dyslexia. Development and Psychopathology, 20(4), 1329–49.
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Paulesu, E., Démonet, J. F., Fazio, F., McCrory, E., Chanoine, V., Brunswick, N., …, and Frith, U. (2001). Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity. Science, 291(5511), 2165–7.
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Hoeft, F., Meyler, A., Hernandez, A., Juel, C., Taylor-Hill, H., Martindale, J., …, and Gabrieli, J. (2007). Functional and Morphometric Brain Dissociation between Dyslexia and Reading Ability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(10), 4234–9.
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Hoeft, F., McCandliss, B. D., Black, J. M., Gantman, A., Zakerani, N., Hulme, C., …, and Gabrieli, J. D. (2011). Neural Systems Predicting Long-Term Outcome in Dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108(1), 361–6.
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Molfese, D. L. (2000). Predicting Dyslexia at 8 Years of Age Using Neonatal Brain Responses. Brain and Language, 72 (3), 238–45.
الفصل السادس: ما الاستراتيجيات الفعالة للتغلب على عسر القراءة؟
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Duff, F. J., Mengoni, S. E., Bailey, A. M., and Snowling, M. J. (2015). Validity and Sensitivity of the Phonics Screening Check: Implications for Practice. Journal of Research in Reading, 38(2), 109–23.
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Hatcher, P., Hulme, C., and Ellis, A. W. (1994). Ameliorating Early Reading Failure by Integrating the Teaching of Reading and Phonological Skills: The Phonological Linkage Hypothesis. Child Development, 65, 41–57.
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Vygotsky, L. (1987). Zone of Proximal Development. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, 5291, 157.
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Cumbria Reading Intervention (http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/childrensservices/schoolsandlearning/reading/default.asp).
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Frith, U. (2017). Beneath the Surface of Developmental Dyslexia. In Surface Dyslexia (pp. 301–30). Routledge.
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Duff, F. J., Fieldsend, E., Bowyer-Crane, C., Hulme, C., Smith, G., Gibbs, S., and Snowling, M. J. (2008). Reading with Vocabulary Intervention: Evaluation of an Instruction for Children with Poor Response to Reading Intervention. Journal of Research in Reading, 31(3), 319–36.
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Melby-Lervåg, M. and Hulme, C. (2013). Is Working Memory Training Effective? A Meta-Analytic Review. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 270–91.
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Gillam, R. B., Loeb, D. F., Hoffman, L. M., Bohman, T., Champlin, C. A., Thibodeau, L., …, and Friel-Patti, S. (2008). The Efficacy of Fast ForWord Language Intervention in School-Age Children with Language Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(1), 97–119.
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Bowyer-Crane, C., Snowling, M. J., Duff, F. J., Fieldsend, E., Carroll, J. M., Miles, J., Götz, K., and Hulme, C. (2008). Improving Early Language and Literacy Skills: Differential Effects of an Oral Language versus a Phonology with Reading Intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 422–32.
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Fricke, S., Bowyer-Crane, C., Haley, A., Hulme, C., and Snowling, M. J. (2013). Building a Secure Foundation for Literacy: An Evaluation of a Preschool Language Intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 280–90.
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الفصل السابع: العناصر الثلاثة: التحفظات والاعتلالات المصاحبة والتعويض
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American Psychiatric Association (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM5.
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Snowling, M. and Hulme, C. (1989). A Longitudinal Case Study of Developmental Phonological Dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 6(4), 379–401.
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Bishop, D. V. and Snowling, M. J. (2004). Developmental Dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment: Same or Different? Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 858–86.
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Hatcher, P. J., Duff, F. J., and Hulme, C. (2014). Sound Linkage: An Integrated Programme for Overcoming Reading Difficulties. John Wiley & Sons.
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Lovett, M. W., Lacerenza, L., Borden, S. L., Frijters, J. C., Steinbach, K. A., and De Palma, M. (2000). Components of Effective Remediation for Developmental Reading Disabilities: Combining Phonological and Strategy-Based Instruction to Improve Outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 263–83.
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Pennington, B. F. (2006). From Single to Multiple Deficit Models of Developmental Disorders. Cognition, 101(2), 385–413.
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Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Bergman, E., Breier, J. I., Foorman, B. R., Castillo, E. M., …, and Papanicolaou, A. C. (2002). Dyslexia-Specific Brain Activation Profile Becomes Normal following Successful Remedial Training. Neurology, 58(8), 1203–13.