المراجع
المقدمة
For the phrase “new kind of liberal,” see AT’s letter to Eugène
Stoeffels, July 24, 1836, and for analysis of it, see Roger Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987). On AT’s influence, see Raymond
Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought,
vol. 1 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998, orig. 1967), François
Furet, In the Workshop of History, chap. 10
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). Translations of AT’s Democracy in America, (hereafter DA): Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, trans.
and eds. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), and Arthur Goldhammer,
trans. (New York: Library of America, 2004). Many of his letters can be found
translated in Roger Boesche, ed., Alexis de Tocqueville:
Selected Letters on Politics and Society (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1985). A sampling of current scholarship on AT is in The Cambridge Companion to Tocqueville,
Cheryl B. Welch, ed. (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006).
الفصل الأول
The soundest biography of AT is André Jardin, Tocqueville, A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus
and Giroux, 1988); more recent is Hugh Brogan, Alexis de
Tocqueville, A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).
On the “great lottery of paternity,” see AT’s letter to his brother Edouard,
September 2, 1840, and the somewhat different view in his letter to Louis de
Kergorlay, November 11, 1833. On his own ambition, see AT’s letter to Mme.
Swetchine, February 26, 1857. On AT’s trip to America, see his notes in
Journey to America, ed. J. P. Mayer
(London: Faber & Faber, 1959), and the classic study of George W.
Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1938). On mixing history and philosophy, see
AT’s letter to Kergorlay, December 15, 1850.
الفصل الثاني
Quotations follow the text in Democracy in America from the introduction through pt. 1 of vol.
1, then into pt. 2. The quotation on trading small virtues for the vice of pride
is at DA vol. 2, pt. 3, chap. 19, and the one
on the “two distinct humanities” is at DA
vol. 2, pt. 4, chap. 8. On the writing of Democracy in
America, see James T. Schleifer, The
Making of Democracy in America, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, IN:
Liberty Fund, 2000). Pierre Manent, Tocqueville and the
Nature of Democracy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield,
1996), is the best overall study of the book, and Sheldon S. Wolin, Tocqueville between Two Worlds (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2001) is an indispensable critique of AT. Careful
readers will want to verify in the original texts the generalizations offered in
this chapter about the liberalism of Hobbes and Locke, and in particular to
explore the function of mores as argued in two of AT’s favorite predecessors,
Montesquieu (in the Spirit of the Laws, bk.
3, chap. 19) and Rousseau (in the Social Contract, bk. 2, chap.
12).
الفصل الثالث
Quotations are from pt. 2 of vol. 1. On AT’s liberalism, see Pierre
Manent, An Intellectual History of
Liberalism, chap. 10 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1996). On AT’s discussion of restlessness and its connection to Pascal, see
Peter A. Lawler, The Restless Mind: Alexis de
Tocqueville on the Origin and Perpetuation of Human Liberty
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993).
الفصل الرابع
Quotations follow the four parts of vol. 2 of DA. The phrase “immense being” can be found at
DA vol. 2, bk. 1, chap. 7 and vol. 2, bk.
4, chap. 3. The argument for “two Democracies” can be found in Seymour Drescher,
“Tocqueville’s Two Democracies,” Journal of the History of Ideas 25 (1964): 201–16,
and Jean-Claude Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two
Democracies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989); the
argument against, in Schleifer, The Making of
Tocqueville’s Democracy, 2nd ed. On religion, see
Sanford Kessler, Tocqueville’s Civil Religion (Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1994), and Joshua Mitchell, The Fragility of Freedom; Tocqueville on Religion, Democracy
and the American Future (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1995). On women, see Delba Winthrop, “Tocqueville’s American Woman and ‘the True
Conception of Democratic Progress,’ ” Political
Theory 14, no. 2 (1986): 239–61, and Cheryl Welch, De Tocqueville (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2001).
الفصل الخامس
Quotations follow The Old Regime
and the Revolution (hereafter OR) through its three parts. For the sources and analysis of
OR, see especially Robert T. Gannett Jr.,
Tocqueville Unveiled (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 2003). For analysis, see François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981), also Ralph Lerner, Revolutions Revisited (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 1994). On “political history,” see Delba Winthrop, “Tocqueville’s
Political History,” Review of Politics 43
(1981): 88–111. Burke’s most powerful attack on the French Revolution is his
first analysis of it, Reflections on the Revolution in
France (1790).
الفصل السادس
Quotations from the Recollections again proceed from beginning to end of AT’s text.
For analysis, see Lawler, The Restless Mind.
On Algeria, see Jennifer Pitts, ed., Alexis de
Tocqueville: Writings on Empire and Slavery (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2001), and Michael Hereth, Alexis de Tocqueville: Threats to Freedom in Democracy (Durham,
NC: Duke University Press, 1986).
