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المراجع

الفصل الأول: المادة

الفصل الرابع: المعالجة المِثلية

  • Marshall T. Reducing unnecessary consultation—a case of NNNT? Bandolier (1997); 44 (4): 1–3.
  • MacManus MP, Matthews JP, Wada M, Wirth A, Worotniuk V, Ball DL. Unexpected long-term survival after low-dose palliative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer (1 March 2006); 106 (5): 1110–16.
  • Majeed AW et al. Randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy. Lancet (13 April 1996); 347 (9007): 989–94.
  • Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA (1995); 273: 408–12.
  • Ernst E, White AR. Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Int Med (1998); 158: 2235–41.
  • A systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Arch Surg. 1998 Nov; 133 (11): 1187–90.
  • Van Helmont JB. Oriatrike, or Physick Refined: The Common Errors Therein Refuted and the Whole are Reformed and Rectified. Lodowick-Loyd (1662): 526. Available at http://www.jameslindlibrary.org.
  • Khan KS, Daya S, Jadad AR. The importance of quality of primary studies in producing unbiased systematic reviews. Arch Intern Med (1996), 156: 661–6; Moher D, Pham B, Jones A et al. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in metaanalyses? Lancet (1998); 352: 609–13.
  • Ernst E, Pittler MH. Re-analysis of previous meta-analysis of clinical trials of homeopathy. J Clin Epi (2000); 53 (11): 1188.
  • Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L, Jüni P, Dörig S, Sterne JA, Pewsner D, Egger M. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects?
    Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet (27 August–2 September 2005); 366 (9487): 726–32.
  • Tallon D, Chard J, Dieppe P. Relation between agendas of the research community and the research consumer. Lancet (2000); 355: 2037–40.
  • BBC Radio 4 Case Notes (19 July 2005).

الفصل الخامس: تأثير العلاج الوهمي

  • The placebo in medicine. Med Press (18 June 1890): 642.
  • Beecher HK. The powerful placebo. JAMA (24 December 1955); 159 (17): 1602–6.
  • Skrabanek P, McCormick J. Follies and Fallacies in Medicine. Tarragon Press (1989).
  • Moerman DE. General medical effectiveness and human biology: placebo effects in the treatment of ulcer disease. Med Anth Quarterly (August 1983); 14; 4: 3–16.
  • De Craen AJ, Moerman DE, Heisterkamp SH, Tytgat GN, Tijssen JG, Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Br J Clin Pharmacol (December 1999); 48 (6): 853–60.
  • Blackwell B, Bloomfield SS, Buncher CR. Demonstration to medical students of placebo responses and non-drug factors. Lancet (10 June 1972); 1 (7763): 1279–82.
  • Schapira K, McClelland HA, Griffiths NR, Newell DJ. Study on the effects of tablet colour in the treatment of anxiety states. BMJ (23 May 1970); 1 (5707): 446–9.
  • De Craen AJ, Roos PJ, Leonard de Vries A, Kleijnen J. Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and of their effectiveness. BMJ (21–28 December 1996); 313 (7072): 1624–6.
  • Hussain MZ, Ahad A. Tablet colour in anxiety states. BMJ (22 August 1970); 3 (5720): 466.
  • Grenfell RF, Briggs AH, Holland WC. Double blind study of the treatment of hypertension. JAMA (1961) 176: 124–8; De Craen AJM, Tijssen JGP, de Gans J, Kleijnen J. Placebo effect in the acute treatment of migraine: subcutaneous placebos are better than oral placebos. J Neur (2000) 247: 183–8; Gracely RH, Dubner R, McGrath PA.
  • Fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations. Science (23 March 1979); 203 (4386): 1261–3.
  • Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, Legedza AR, Schnyer RN, Kerr CE, Stone DA, Nam BH, Kirsch I, Goldman RH. Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ (18 February 2006); 332 (7538): 391–7.
  • Branthwaite A, Cooper P. Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches. BMJ (Clin Res ed) (1981); 282: 1576–8.
  • Waber et al. Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy. JAMA (2008); 299: 1016-17.
  • Ginoa F. Do we listen to advice just because we paid for it? The impact of advice cost on its use. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2008, Article in Press (published online 25 April 2008).
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.03.001.
  • Montgomery GH, Kirsch I. Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation. Psych Science (1996) 7: 174–6.
  • Cobb LA, Thomas GI, Dillard DH, Merendino KA, Bruce RA. An evaluation of internal mammary artery ligation by a double-blind technic. N Eng J Med (28 May 1959); 260 (22): 1115–18.
  • Linde C, Gadler F, Kappenberger L, Rydén L. Placebo effect of pacemaker implantation in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PIC Study Group. Am J Cardiol (15 March 1999); 83 (6): 903–7.
  • Johnson AG. Surgery as a placebo. Lancet (22 October 1994); 344 (8930): 1140–2.
  • Crum AJ, Langer EJ. Mind-set matters: exercise and the placebo effect. Psych Science (February 2007); 18 (2): 165–71.
  • Gryll SL, Katahn M. Situational factors contributing to the placebos effect. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (1978); 57: 253–61.
  • Gracely RH, Dubner R, Deeter WR, Wolskee PJ. Clinicians’ expectations influence placebo analgesia. Lancet (5 January 1985); 1 (8419): 43.
  • Thomas KB. General practice consultations: is there any point in being positive? BMJ (Clin Res ed) (9 May 1987); 294 (6581): 1200–2.
  • Tallis R. Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and its Discontents. Atlantic (2004).
  • Lévi-Strauss C. The sorcerer and his magic. In Structural Anthropology (trans Jacobson C, Schoef BG). Basic Books (1963).
  • Park LC, Covi L. Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients’ responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed. Arch Gen Psych (April 1965); 12: 36–45.
  • Wolf S. Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects; the pharmacology of placebos. J Clin Invest (January 1950); 29 (1): 100–9.
  • De la Fuente-Fernández R, Ruth TJ, Sossi V, Schulzer M, Calne DB, Stoessl AJ. Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science (10 August 2001); 293 (5532): 1164–6.
  • Zubieta JK, Bueller JA, Jackson LR, Scott DJ, Xu Y, Koeppe RA, Nichols TE, Stohler CS. Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors. J Neur (24 August 2005); 25 (34): 7754–62.
  • Ader R, Cohen N. Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosom Med (July-August 1975); 37 (4): 333–40.
  • Goebel MU, Trebst AE, Steiner J, Xie YF, Exton MS, Frede S, Canbay AE, Michel MC, Heemann U, Schedlowski M. Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans. FASEB J (December 2002); 16 (14): 1869–73.
  • Buske-Kirschbaum A, Kirschbaum C, Stierle H, Lehnert H, Hellhammer D. Conditioned increase of natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in humans. Psychosom Med (March-April 1992); 54 (2): 123–32.
  • Goodwin JS, Goodwin JM, Vogel AV. Knowledge and use of placebos by house officers and nurses. Ann Intern Med (July 1979); 91 (1): 106–10.
  • Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’ by Moerman DE, Cambridge University Press 2002, P. 34, summarising secondary references to five further studies.
  • Moerman DE, Harrington A. Making space for the placebo effect in pain medicine. Sem in Pain Med (March 2005); 3 (1 Spec issue): 2–6.
  • Walsh BT, Seidman SN, Sysko R, Gould M. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA (10 April 2002); 287 (14): 1840–7.
  • Ernst E, Schmidt K. Aspects of MMR. BMJ (2002); 325: 597.

الفصل السادس: هراء الساعة

  • Harry G. Frankfurt, On Bullshit. Princeton University Press (2005) http://press.princeton.edu/video/frankfurt.
  • http://www.nutraingredientsusa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087.
  • Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung and other cancers in male smokers. New Eng J Med (1994); 330: 1029–35.
  • Thornquist MD, Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Grizzle JE, Rosenstock L, Barnhart S, Anderson GL, Hammar S, Balmes J, Cherniack M. Statistical design and monitoring of the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). Control Clin Trials (1993); 14: 308–24; Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med (1996); 334: 1150–5. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=nejm&resid=334/18/1150.
  • Vivekananthan DP et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet (2003); 361: 2017–23 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673603136379/abstract.
  • Caraballoso M, Sacristan M, Serra C, Bonfill X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2003); 2.
  • Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2008); 2.
  • Chalmers I. Invalid health information is potentially lethal. BMJ (2001); 322 (7292): 998.
  • John M. Connor Kluwer, Global Pricefixing: Our Customers Are the Enemy. Springer (2001). Available online: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7M8n4UN23WsC.
  • David Michaels (ed.) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press (2008).

الفصل السابع: د. جيليان ماكيث

  • Ann Anderson, Snake Oil, Hustlers and Hambones: The American Medicine Show. McFarland (2005).
  • Commencement Speech from Caltech 1974, also in Richard Feynman. Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character. WW Norton (1985).
  • Clayton College of Natural Health website:
    http://www.ccnh.edu/about/programs/tuition.aspx.

الفصل الثامن: قرص يحل مشكلات اجتماعية معقَّدة

  • Hutchings J, Bywater T, Daley D, Gardner F, Whitaker C, Jones K, Eames C, Edwards RT. Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ (2007); 334: 678.
  • Edwards RT, Ó Céilleachair A, Bywater T, Hughes DA, Hutchings J. Parenting programme for parents of children at risk of developing conduct disorder: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ (2007); 334: 682.
  • Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics (2005); 115 (5): 1360–6.
  • Moynihan R, Doran E, Henry D Disease mongering is now part of the global health debate. PLoS Med (2008); 5 (5): e106. doi:10.1371/journal. pmed.0050106 A good place to start your reading on disease-mongering.
  • Williams HC. Evening primrose oil for atopic dermatitis. BMJ (2003); 327: 1358-9.
  • ‘The four markets dominating EU supplements’
    http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=85087; “Galenica assumes control of Equazen Nutraceuticals based in the UK”. Press release. http://www.galenica.com/Galenica/en/archive/media/releases/2006_12_04_21398644_meldung.php.

الفصل التاسع: البروفيسور باتريك هولفورد

  • Professor Holford did not change the main text in the book chapter. He added some text to the note at the back, in a small font, referencing some other papers where people did actually, at least, tip both AZT and vitamin C onto cells in a dish (this changes nothing), and a demand for more research, none of which, I note, he has offered to fund from his own extensive corporate involvement in this $50 billion sector. He is, after all, Head of Science and Education at the food supplement pill company BioCare, which sells a vitamin C pill in tubs with his face on. To be fair, he did however once deliver my favourite line from five years of writing in this area: ‘Perhaps Goldacre, who purports to be the campaigner for evidence-based medicine, could provide some evidence that high-dose vitamin C has no effect against HIV AIDS.’
  • Douglas RM, Hemilä H, Chalker E, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1998); 1. Date of last update: 14 May 2007 (Cochrane reviews are constantly updated, and all previous versions are available, so you can see what they said at various times in the past too).
  • Smith R. Investigating the previous studies of a fraudulent author. BMJ (2005); 331: 288–291; Hamblin T. The Secret Life of Dr Chandra. BMJ (2006); 332: 369.
  • The documentary on Dr Chandra can be watched online at: http://www.cbc.ca/national/news/chandra/.
  • Hemilä H, Herman ZS. Vitamin C and the common cold: a retrospective analysis of Chalmers’ review. J Am Coll Nutr (April 1995); 14 (2): 116–23.
  • Vivekananthan DP et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet (2003); 361: 2017–23.
  • http://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviews/reports/institutional/Luton1105/RG162UniLuton.pdf.

الفصل العاشر: سيقاضيك الطبيب الآن

  • Nattrass N. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. African Affairs (2008); 107 (427): 157–76.
  • Chigwedere P, Seage GR, Gruskin S, Lee TH, Essex M. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1 December 2008); 49 (4): 410–15.
  • http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-07-04/news/debating-the-obvious/.

الفصل الحادي عشر: هل الطب التقليدي شر؟

  • http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/about/knowledge.jsp.
  • The classic general medicine reference for this is Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. A-Team, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine. Lancet (12 August 1995); 346 (8972): 407–10. There have been numerous copycat studies in various specialities, and rather than list them here, an excellent review of them is maintained at http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/ir/percent.html.
  • Mayor S. Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers. BMJ (2007); 334: 554-5; Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. BMJ (2005); 330: 1366; Gunnell J, Saperia J, Ashby D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA’s safety review. BMJ (2005); 330: 385; Fergusson D et al. Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (2005); 330: 396.
  • Iribarne A. Orphan diseases and adoptive initiatives. JAMA (2003); 290: 116; Francisco A. Drug development for neglected diseases. Lancet (2002); 360: 1102.
  • Safer DJ. Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials. J Nerv Ment Dis (2002); 190: 583–92.
  • Modell et al. (1997); Montejo-Gonzalez et al. (1997); Zajecka et al. (1999); Preskorn (1997): in Safer, ibid.
  • Pocock SJ. When (not) to stop a clinical trial for benefit. JAMA (2005); 294: 2228–30.
  • Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality. BMJ (2003) 326: 1167–70.
  • Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Simms RW, Fortin PR, Felson DT, Minaker KL, Chalmers TC. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis. Arch Intern Med. (24 January 1994); 154 (2): 157–63.
  • Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ (31 May 2003); 326 (7400): 1167–70.
  • Schmidt K, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Bias in alternative medicine is still rife but is diminishing. BMJ (3 November 2001); 323 (7320): 1071.
  • Vickers A, Goyal N, Harland R, Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials. Control Clin Trials (April 1998); 19 (2): 159–66.
  • Dubben H, Beck-Bornholdt H. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias. BMJ (2005); 331: 433-4.
  • Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Eng J Med (17 January 2008); 358 (3): 252–60.
  • Tramer MR, Reynolds DJM, Moore RA, McQuay, H J. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study. BMJ (1997) 315: 635–40.
  • Cowley AJ et al. Int Journ Card (1993) 40: 161–6.
  • Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers. BMJ (17 March 2007); 334: 554-5.
  • Scolnick EM. Email communication to Deborah Shapiro, Alise Reicin and Alan Nies re: Vigor. 9 March 2000. http://www.vioxxdocuments.com/Documents/Krumholz_Vioxx/Scolnick2000.pdf.
  • Curfman GD, Morrissey S, Drazen JM. Expression of concern reaffirmed. NEJM (16 March 2006); 354 (11):1193.
  • Gottlieb S. Firm tried to block report on failure of AIDS vaccine. BMJ (2000); 321: 1173.
  • Nathan D, Weatherall D. Academia and industry: lessons from the unfortunate events in Toronto. Lancet; 353; 9155: 771-2.
    Gilbody et al. Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review. Qual Saf Health Care (2005); 14: 246–50.
    http://qshc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/14/4/246.

الفصل الثاني عشر: كيف تروِّج وسائل الإعلام لسوء فَهْم العامة للعلم

  • Davies N. Flat Earth News. Chatto & Windus (2008).
  • Proctor RN. Schairer and Schöniger’s forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity. Int. J. Epidemiol 30: 31–4.
  • Ioannidis JPA. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med (2005) 2 (8): e124.

الفصل الثالث عشر: لماذا يُصدِّق الأذكياء أمورًا غبية

  • Gilovich T, Vallone R, Tversky, A. The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences. Cog Psych (1985); 17: 295–314.
  • Schaffner PE. Specious learning about reward and punishment. J Pers Soc Psych (June 1985); 48 (6): 1377–86.
  • Snyder M, Cantor N. Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge, J Exp Soc Psych (1979); 15: 330–42.
  • Lord CG, Ross L, Lepper MR. Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. J Pers Soc Psyc (1979); 37: 2098–109.
  • Tversky A, Kahneman D. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cog Psych (1973), 5: 207–32.
  • Asch SE. Opinions and social pressure. Sci Am (1955); 193: 31–5.
  • Frank MG, Gilovich T. The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. J Pers Soc Psych (January 1988); 54 (1): 74–85.
  • The experiments in this chapter, and many more, can be found in Irrationality by Stuart Sutherland and How We Know What Isn’t So by Thomas Gilovich.

الفصل الرابع عشر: الإحصاءات الرديئة

  • Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk. Penguin (2003).
  • Butterworth et al. Statistics: what seems natural? Science (4 May 2001): 853.
  • Hoffrage U, Lindsey S, Hertwig R, Gigerenzer G. Communicating statistical information. Science (22 December 2000); 290 (5500): 2261-2.
  • Hoffrage U, Gigerenzer G. Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences. Acad Med (1998); 73: 538–40.
  • Gigerenzer G. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press (2000).
  • Szmukler G. Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’. Psych Bull (2003) 27: 205–7.
  • www.qurl.com/lucia.

الفصل الخامس عشر: المخاوف الصحية

  • Manning N, Wilson AP, Ridgway GL. Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect (March 2004); 56 (3): 250-1.
  • Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments’. J Pers Soc Psych (1999); 77; 6: 121–34.
  • Brynner R, Stephens TD. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine. Perseus Books (2001).
  • Excerpted in Pilger J (ed.). Tell me no Lies. Cape (2004).
  • Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud. New Scientist (27 February 1993).

الفصل السادس عشر: خديعة التطعيم الثلاثي في وسائل الإعلام

  • Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet (1998); 351 (9103): 637–41.
  • E.g. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella. J Autism Child Schizophr (January–March 1971); 1 (1): 33–47.
  • http://briandeer.com/wakefield/vaccinepatent.htm.
  • No jabs, no school says labour MP. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7392510.stm.
  • Schmidt K, Ernst E, Andrews. Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR. BMJ (14 September 2002); 325 (7364): 597.
  • Hargreaves I, Lewis J, Speers T. Towards a better map: science, the public and the media, Economic and Social Research Council (2003). http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm6–5505.pdf.
  • Boyce T. Health, Risk and News: The MMR Vaccine and the Media. Peter Lang Publishing Inc. (2007).
  • Durant J, Lindsey N. GM foods and the media. Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5.
    www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/38/3810.htm.
  • Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E, Heavey L, Rodrigues LC, Smith PG et al. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study. Lancet (2004); 364 (9438): 963–9.
  • Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Eng J Med (2002); 347 (19): 1477–82.
  • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/23/nmmr23.xml.
  • Afzal MA, Ozoemena LC, O’Hare A et al. Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK. J Med Virology (2006); 78; 5: 623–30.
  • D’Souza, Y, et al. No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics (4 October 2006); 118: 1664–75.
  • http://www.westminsterpct.nhs.uk/news/mmr0405.htm; Pearce et al. Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study. BMJ (2008); 336 (7647): 754.
  • Chapman S et al. Med J Aust. (5 September 2005); 183 (5): 247–50. Grilli R et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2001); 4: CD000389.
  • Phillips DP et al. N Engl J Med (1991); 325: 1180–3.
  • Schwitzer. G PLoS Med (2008); 5 (5): e95.
  • HPA. Confirmed measles mumps and rubella cases in 2007: England and Wales. Health Protection Report (2008); accessed 9 April 2008; 2 (8). http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2008/hpr0808.pdf.
  • Fitzpatrick M. MMR: risk, choice, chance. Brit Med Bulletin (2004); 69: 143–53.
  • Gupta RK, Best J, MacMahon E. Mumps and the UK epidemic. BMJ (14 May 2005); 330: 1132–5.
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