الهوامش

مقدمة: أخلاقيات الرأسمالية

(1)

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 163.

(2)

Joyce Appleby, The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2010), pp. 25-26.

(3)

David Schwab and Elinor Ostrom, “The Vital Role of Norms and Rules in Maintaining Open Public and Private Economies,” in Moral Markets: The Critical Role of Values in the Economy, ed. by Paul J. Zak (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 204–27.

(4)

Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), p. 48.

(5)

For a simple arithmetic explanation of the principle of comparative advantage, see tomgpalmer.com/wpcontent/uploads/papers/The%20Economics%20of%20Comparative%20Advantage.doc.

(6)

For a remarkable account of the general decline of the experience of force in human affairs, see James L. Payne,A History of Force (Sandpoint, Idaho: Lytton Publishing, 2004).

(7)

Envy as an impulse harmful to social cooperation and inimical to free-market capitalism has been studied by many thinkers. A recent and interesting approach that draws on the Indian classic epic The Mahabharata can be found in Gurcharan Das, The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), esp. pp. 1–32.

(8)

Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century: The Wheels of Commerce (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), p. 232.

(9)

Ibid., p. 236.

(10)

Louis Blanc, Organisation du Travail (Paris: Bureau de la Societé de l’Industrie Fraternelle, 1847), cited in Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century: The Wheels of Commerce, op. cit., p. 237.

(11)

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Volume 6 (1976: Progress Publishers, Moscow), p. 489.

(12)

For a devastating seminal critique of Marx’s economic theories, see Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System (1896; New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1949). A better translation of Böhm-Bawerk’s title would be, “On the Conclusion of the Marxian System.” Böhm-Bawerk refers in his title to the publication of the third volume of Capital, which “concluded” the Marxian system. It should be noted that Böhm-Bawerk’s criticism is altogether an internal critique, and does not rest in any way on the results of the “marginal revolution” in economic science that took place in 1870. See also the essay by Ludwig von Mises, “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth,” in F. A. Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1935) on the inability of collectivism to solve the problem of economic calculation.

(13)

Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in David Fernbach, ed., Karl Marx: Surveys from Exile: Political Writings, Volume II (New York: Vintage Books, 1974), p. 186. I describe the contradictions and confusions of Marxian economic and social analysis in “Classical Liberalism, Marxism, and the Conflict of Classes: The Classical Liberal Theory of Class Conflict,” in Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and Practice (Washington: Cato Institute, 2009), pp. 255–75.

(14)

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, p. 488.

(15)

Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” p. 222.

(16)

Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” p. 238.

(17)

Shirley M. Gruner, Economic Materialism and Social Moralism (The Hague: Mouton, 1973), pp. 189-190.

(18)

See, for example, Sheldon Richman, “Is Capitalism Something Good?” www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/tgif/is-capitalism-something-good/.

(19)

Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 84.

(20)

David Boaz, “Creating a Framework for Utopia,” The Futurist, December 24, 1996, www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5976.

(21)

The legal historian Henry Sumner Maine famously described “the movement of the progressive societies” from inherited relations, based on family membership to personal liberty and civil society as “a movement from Status to Contract.” Henry Sumner Maine, Ancient Law (Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003), p. 170.

(22)

Leo Melamed, “Reminiscences of a Refugee,” in For Crying Out Loud: From Open Outcry to the Electronic Screen (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), p. 136.

(23)

I address the issue of poverty and free-market capitalism more systematically in “Classical Liberalism, Poverty, and Morality,” in Poverty and Morality: Religious and Secular Perspectives, William A. Galston and Peter H. Hoffenberg, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 83–114.

(24)

This is an especially common attitude among philosophers, perhaps the saddest of whom was the late G. A. Cohen, who devoted much of his intellectual career to attempting, but failing, to refute Nozick’s one thought experiment. Citations to Cohen’s articles and a demonstration of the failure of his critique can be found in “G. A. Cohen on Self-Ownership, Property, and Equality,” in Realizing Freedom, pp. 139–54.

(25)

Quoted in Michael Sandel, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), p. 61.

(26)

Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 188: “A possible justification on liberal principles for compulsory purchase of annuities is that the improvident will not suffer the consequences of their own action but will impose costs on others. We shall not, it is said, be willing to see the indigent aged suffer in dire poverty. We shall assist them by private and public charity. Hence the man who does not provide for his old age will become a public charge. Compelling him to buy an annuity is justified not for his own good but for the good of the rest of us.”

(27)

Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 188.

(28)

For an explanation, see Anthony de Jasay, “Liberalism, Loose or Strict,” Independent Review, v. IX, n. 3, Winter 2005, pp. 427–432.

(29)

F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), p. 313.

القسم الثاني: التفاعل الطوعي والمصلحة الذاتية

مفارقة الأخلاقيات

(1)

Luckily the beggar was an outsider, for if he were from the Land of Gentlemen, the dispute would have continued indefinitely.

(2)

Lei Feng (December 18, 1940–August 15, 1962) was a soldier in the People’s Liberation Army who became a national hero after his death in 1962 in a traffic accident. A national campaign to “Learn from Comrade Lei Feng” began in 1963; it called on the Chinese people to emulate his devotion to the Chinese Communist Party and to socialism.

آدم سميث وخرافة الجشع

(1)

“The Secret History of Self-Interest,” in Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraints: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

(2)

Quoted in Christine Caldwell Ames, Righteous Persecution: Inquisition, Dominicans, and Christianity in the Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), p. 44.

(3)

Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, vol. I of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982). Chapter: a chap ii: Of the love of Praise, and of that of Praise-worthiness; and of the dread of Blame, and of that of Blame-worthiness; Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/192/200125 on 2011-05-30.

(4)

Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, vol. I of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982). Chapter: b chap. i b: Of the beauty which the appearance of Utility bestows upon all the productions of art, and of the extensive influence of this species of Beauty; Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/192/200137 on 2011-05-30.

(5)

Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1 ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, vol. II of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund: 1981). Chapter: [IV.ii] CHAPTER II: Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home. Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/220/217458/2313890 on 2010-08-23.

(6)

Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1 ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, vol. II of the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund: 1981). Chapter: [IV.viii] CHAPTER VIII: Conclusion of the Mercantile System. Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/200/217484/2316261 on 2010-08-23.

(7)

“The specific characteristic of an economic relation is not its “egoism,” but its “non-tuism.” Philip H. Wicksteed, The Commonsense of Political Economy, including a Study of the Human Basis of Economic Law (London: Macmillan, 1910). Chapter: CHAPTER V: BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMIC NEXUS. Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1415/38938/104356 on 2010-08-23.

(8)

H. B. Acton, The Morals of Markets and Related Essays, ed. by David Gordon and Jeremy Shearmur (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993).

(9)

Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation, ed. Nicholas Cronk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 43.

القسم الثالث: إنتاج الثروة وتوزيعها

اقتصاد السوق وتوزيع الثروة

(1)

The argument presented in what follows owes a good deal to ideas first set forth by Professor Mises in “Das festangelegte Kapital,” in Grundprobleme der Nationalökonomie, pp. 201–14. [English trans. in Epistemological Problems of Economics (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1960), pp. 217–31.]

تحسين أحوال البشر بواسطة العولمة

(1)

The Foundation for Economic Education. www.fee.org.