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(1-1) “NanoKid”, one of a family of NanoPutian molecules
synthesized by Stephanie H. Chanteau and James M. Tour of the Center for
Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University.
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(1-2) The scanning probe microscope achieves atomically
precise imaging and manipulation of matter by scanning an ultrasharp
tip, terminated by a single atom, very close to a surface. (Reprinted by
permission from Eigler, D. M., and Schweizer, E. K., ‘Positioning single
atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope’, Nature 344, no. 6266 (1990) © 1990 by Springer
Nature.)
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(1-3) The variation in force between two atoms as their
separation is varied, calculated using the Lennard-Jones potential.
(Reprinted with permission from “Van der Waals interactions and the
limits of isolated atom models at interfaces”, Kawai, S., et al.,
Nature Communications 7, 11 559
(2016). © Springer-Nature 2016.)
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(2-1) Frames from “A Boy and His Atom”, the world’s smallest
stop motion video, created by a team of nanoscientists at IBM Research
Labs (Almaden) led by Andreas Heinrich.
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(2-2) A quantum corral comprising 48 iron atoms, each
positioned using the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope, on the
surface of a copper crystal, and a standing wave formed in a vibrating
cup of coffee.
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(2-3) There are very close parallels between the standing
waves that form on guitar strings and the probability waves associated
with electrons in nanostructures. (Reprinted from “Quantum rings
engineered by atom manipulation”, Van Dong Pham, Kiyoshi Kanisawa, and
Stefan Fölsch, Physical Review
Letters 123, 066801 (2019). © American Physical Society
2019.)
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(2-4) From energy levels to bands.
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(3-1) Top-down semiconductor processing:
nanolithography.
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(3-2) Atomically precise nanolithography. (Images taken from
the work of Michelle Simmons and colleagues at the University of New
South Wales, and Joseph Lyding and colleagues at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.)
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(3-3) (a) Electron microscope image of 7 nm field effect
transistors fabricated on a silicon chip; (b) Self-assembled lattice of
proteins (an S-layer) from the Sulfolobus archaeon. ((a) Taken from
(https://www.tsmc.
com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/logic/l_7nm.) (b)
Taken from Architecture and modular assembly of Sulfolobus S-layers
revealed by electron cryotomography, Lavinia Gambelli et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 116, 25 278
(2019).)
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(3-4) A scanning tunnelling microscope image of a single
self-assembled layer of a molecule.
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(3-5) Examples of far-from-equilibrium organization of gold
nanoparticles on a silicon wafer. (Taken from the work of the Nottingham
Nanoscience Group.)
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(3-6) Foams and cellular networks in nature. (S. P. Silva, M.
A. Sabino, E. M. Fernandes, V. M. Correlo, L. F. Boesel & R. L.
Reis (2005) Cork: properties, capabilities and applications,
International Materials Reviews, 50:6, 345–365, DOI:
10.1179/174328005X41168, copyright © Institute of Materials, Minerals
and Mining and ASM International, reprinted by permission of Taylor
& Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com on
behalf of Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and ASM
International.)
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(3-8) Carbon nanotechnology.
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(4-1) Molecular computing. (From Molecule cascades, A. J.
Heinrich et al., Science 298, 1381
(2002).)
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(4-2) Plenty of room at the bottom: Feynman’s celebrated 1959
speech encoded in single atom vacancies in a chlorine lattice. (From A
kilobyte rewritable atomic memory, FE Kalff et al., Nature Nanotechnology 11, 926
(2016).)
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(4-3) Sub-atomic precision. Image © Hari Manoharan, Stanford
University.
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(4-4) Dangling bond logic. (Adapted from Binary atomic
silicon logic, T. Huff et al., Nature
Electronics 1, 636 (2018).)
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(4-5) Artist’s impression of how a scanning tunnelling
microscope, with a suitably chosen magnetic tip, images spin orientation
at a surface.
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(5-1) Chemical structure of Dipole Racer, the winner of the
first NanoCar race, and artist’s impression of kinesin, a motor protein.
(Top image adapted from How to build and race a fast nanocar, Nature Nanotechnology 12, 604
(2017).)
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(5-2) The basic operating principle of a Brownian
ratchet.
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(5-3) A DNA knot. (Krasnow, M., Stasiak, A., Spengler, S. et
al. Determination of the absolute handedness of knots and catenanes of
DNA. Nature 304, 559–560 (1983).
https://doi.org/10.1038/304559a0.)
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(5-4) Schematic illustrations of the molecular classes known
as rotaxanes and catenanes.
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(6-1) Two frames from an animation of the molecular
nanofactory/assembler concept put forward by K. Eric
Drexler.
