ملاحظات

المقدمة

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(2)
Nigel E. Stork, “How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?,” Annual Review of Entomology 63 (January 2018): 32, 37.

الجزء الأول: الحُصين والخيال

الفصل الأول: الحُصين

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Darryl Bruce, “Fifty Years Since Lashley’s ‘In Search of the Engram’: Refutations and Conjectures,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 10, no. 3 (2001): 315.
(2)
Larry R. Squire and Pablo Alvarez, “Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation: A Neurobiological Perspective,” Current Opinions in Neurobiology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 172.
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James L. McClelland, Bruce L. McNaughton, and Randall C. O’Reilly, “Why There Are Complementary Learning Systems in the Hippocampus and Neocortex: Insights from the Successes and Failures of Connectionist Models of Learning and Memory,” Psychology Review 102, no. 3 (July 1995): 424-25, 440, 447, 453.
(4)
Lynn Nadel et al., “Multiple Trace Theory of Human Memory: Computational, Neuroimaging, and Neuropsychological Results,” Hippocampus 10, no. 4 (2000): 358–65.
(5)
According to this theory, seemingly preserved remote episodic memories in people with hippocampal injury may, in fact, be semantic memories.
(6)
William B. Scoville and Brenda Milner, “Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions,” Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (February 1957): 16–67; Suzanne Corkin, “What’s New with the Amnesic Patient H. M.?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (February 2002): 15; Larry R. Squire, “The Legacy of Patient H. M. for Neuroscience,” Neuron 61, no. 1 (January 2019): 6.
(7)
Demis Hassabis et al., “Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 104, no. 5 (January 2007): 1726–31.
(8)
Donna R. Addis, Alana T. Wong, and Daniel L. Schacter, “Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates During Event Construction and Elaboration,” Neuropsychologia 45, no. 7 (April 2007): 1363–77; Karl K. Szpunar, Jason M. Watson, and Kathleen B. McDermott, “Neural Substrates of Envisioning the Future,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 104, no. 2 (January 2007): 642–7.
(9)
Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, and Daniel L. Schacter, “The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease,” Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1124 (March 2008): 2-3.
(10)
Marcus E. Raichle et al., “A Default Mode of Brain Function,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 98, no. 2 (January 2001): 676, 682.
(11)
Buckner, Andrews-Hanna, and Schacter, “The Brain’s Default Network,” 20–24; Reece P. Roberts and Donna R. Addis, “A Common Mode of Processing Governing Divergent Thinking and Future Imagination,” in The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity, ed. Rex E. Jung and Oshin Vartanian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 213–15.
(12)
News Staff, “Breakthrough of the Year: The Runners-Up,” Science 318, no. 5858 (December 2007): 1848-49a.

الفصل الثاني: الذاكرة الزائفة

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Henry L. Roediger and Kathleen B. McDermott, “Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21, no. 4 (1995): 803–14.
(2)
Michael Craig, “Memory and Forgetting,” in Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, ed. Sergio Della Sala et al. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021), 425–31.
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Sanjida O’Connell, “The Perils of Relying on Memory in Court.” Telegraph, December 15, 2008, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3778272/The-perils-of-relying-on-memory-in-court.html.
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Elizabeth F. Loftus and Katherine Ketcham, “Truth or Invention: Exploring the Repressed Memory Syndrome; Excerpt from ‘The Myth of Repressed Memory,’” Cosmopolitan, April 1995, https://staff.washington.edu/eloftus/Articles/Cosmo.html; Lauren Slater, Opening Skinner’s Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (New York: Norton, 2005), 181–203; Buckner F. Melton, Jr., “George Franklin Trial: 1990-91,” Encyclopedia.com, accessed June 28, 2022, https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/george-franklin-trial-1990-91; Stephanie Denzel, “George Franklin,” The National Registry of Exonerations, updated May 2, 2022 https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3221.
(5)
“Rodney Halbower,” Wikipedia, updated April 27, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Halbower.
(6)
Lawrence Wright, “Remembering Satan—Part II. What Was Going On in Thurston County?,” New Yorker, May 16, 1993, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/05/24/remembering-satan-part-ii; Mark L. Howe and Lauren M. Knott, “The Fallibility of Memory in Judicial Processes: Lessons from the Past and Their Modern Consequences,” Memory 23, no. 5 (2015): 636–47; “Thurston County Ritual Abuse Case,” Wikipedia, updated December 9, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_County_ritual_abuse_case.
(7)
Richard J. Ofshe, “Inadvertent Hypnosis During Interrogation: False Confession Due to Dissociative State; Mis-identified Multiple Personality and the Satanic Cult Hypothesis,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 40, no. 3 (1992): 152.
(8)
Wright, “Remembering Satan”; Ofshe, “Inadvertent Hypnosis During Interrogation,” 125–56.
(9)
Karen A. Olio and William F. Cornell, “The Facade of Scientific Documentation: A Case Study of Richard Ofshe’s Analysis of the Paul Ingram case,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 4, no. 4 (1998): 1194-95.
(10)
Elizabeth F. Loftus, “Planting Misinformation in the Human Mind: A 30-Year Investigation of the Malleability of Memory,” Learning & Memory 12, no. 4 (2005): 361–66.
(11)
Elizabeth F. Loftus and Jacqueline E. Pickrell, “The Formation of False Memories,” Psychiatric Annals 25, no. 12 (December 1995): 720–25.
(12)
Kimberley A. Wade et al., “A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Lies: Using False Photographs to Create False Childhood Memories,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9, no. 3 (September 2002): 597–603.
(13)
Daniel L. Schacter, “Constructive Memory: Past and Future,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14, no. 1 (March 2012): 8.
(14)
Schacter, “Constructive Memory,” 11.

الفصل الثالث: خلايا المكان وإعادة العرض في الحُصين

(1)
T. V. Bliss and A. R. Gardner-Medwin, “Long-Lasting Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission in the Dentate Area of the Unanaesthetized Rabbit Following Stimulation of the Perforant Path,” Journal of Physiology 232, no. 2 (July 1973): 357–74; T. V. Bliss and T. Lomo, “Long-Lasting Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission in the Dentate Area of the Anaesthetized Rabbit Following Stimulation of the Perforant Path,” Journal of Physiology 232, no. 2 (July 1973): 331–56.
(2)
Steve Ramirez et al., “Creating a False Memory in the Hippocampus,” Science 341, no. 6144 (July 2013): 387–91.
(3)
John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky, “The Hippocampus as a Spatial Map: Preliminary Evidence from Unit Activity in the Freely-Moving Rat,” Brain Research 34, no. 1 (November 1971): 171–75.
(4)
John O’Keefe and Lynn Nadel, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 217–30.
(5)
Arne D. Ekstrom et al., “Cellular Networks Underlying Human Spatial Navigation,” Nature 425, no. 6954 (September 2003): 184–88.
(6)
Nobelförsamlingen, “Press release. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 2014,” October 6, 2014, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/press-release/.
(7)
For example, William B. Levy, “A Sequence Predicting CA3 Is a Flexible Associator That Learns and Uses Context to Solve Hippocampal-Like Tasks,” Hippocampus 6, no. 6 (1996): 579–90.
(8)
Gyorgy Buzsaki, “Hippocampal Sharp Wave-Ripple: A Cognitive Biomarker for Episodic Memory and Planning,” Hippocampus 25, no. 10 (October 2015): 1073.
(9)
Larry R. Squire and Pablo Alvarez, “Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation: A Neurobiological Perspective,” Current Opinions in Neurobiology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 171-72.
(10)
Kenway Louie and Matthew A. Wilson, “Temporally Structured Replay of Awake Hippocampal Ensemble Activity During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep,” Neuron 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 145–56.
(11)
Albert K. Lee and Matthew A. Wilson, “Memory of Sequential Experience in the Hippocampus During Slow Wave Sleep,” Neuron 36, no. 6 (December 2002): 1183–94.
(12)
An earlier study by Skaggs and McNaughton also showed that the temporal order of activity between two place cells during sleep reflects that during spatial exploration before sleep. William E. Skaggs and Bruce L. McNaughton, “Replay of Neuronal Firing Sequences in Rat Hippocampus During Sleep Following Spatial Experience,” Science 271, no. 5257 (March 1996): 1870–73.
(13)
David J. Foster and Matthew A. Wilson, “Reverse Replay of Behavioural Sequences in Hippocampal Place Cells During the Awake State,” Nature 440, no. 7084 (March 2006): 680–83; Kamran Diba and Gyorgy Buzsaki, “Forward and Reverse Hippocampal Place-Cell Sequences During Ripples,” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 10 (October 2007): 1241-42.
(14)
Yvonne Y. Chen et al., “Stability of Ripple Events During Task Engagement in Human Hippocampus,” Cell Reports 35, no. 13 (2021): 109304; Anli A. Liu et al., “A Consensus Statement on Detection of Hippocampal Sharp Wave Ripples and Differentiation from Other Fast Oscillations,” Nature Communications 13 (2022): 6000.
(15)
Anoopum S. Gupta et al., “Hippocampal Replay Is Not a Simple Function of Experience,” Neuron 65, no. 5 (March 2010): 695–705.
(16)
Zeb Kurth-Nelson et al., “Fast Sequences of Non-Spatial State Representations in Humans,” Neuron 91, no. 1 (July 2016): 194–204; Yunzhe Liu et al., “Human Replay Spontaneously Reorganizes Experience,” Cell 178, no. 3 (July 2019): 640–52.e14.
(17)
Daoyun Ji and Matthew A. Wilson, “Coordinated Memory Replay in the Visual Cortex and Hippocampus During Sleep,” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (January 2007): 100–7.
(18)
Nicolas W. Schuck and Yael Niv, “Sequential Replay of Nonspatial Task States in the Human Hippocampus,” Science 364, no. 6447 (June 2019).
(19)
Cameron Higgins et al., “Replay Bursts in Humans Coincide with Activation of the Default Mode and Parietal Alpha Networks,” Neuron 109, no. 5 (March 2021): 882–93.e7.
(20)
Nikos K. Logothetis et al., “Hippocampal-Cortical Interaction During Periods of Subcortical Silence,” Nature 491, no. 7425 (November 2012): 547–53.

الجزء الثاني: السيمفونية العصبية للخيال

الفصل الرابع: الدوائر العصبية في الحُصين

(1)
Nikolaos Tzakis and Matthew R. Holahan, “Social Memory and the Role of the Hippocampal CA2 Region,” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 13 (2019): 233; Andrew B. Lehr et al., “CA2 Beyond Social Memory: Evidence for a Fundamental Role in Hippocampal Information Processing,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 126 (July 2021): 407-8.
(2)
There are excitatory (or principal) neurons as well as inhibitory neurons (or local interneurons) in the brain. There are also excitatory and inhibitory connections between neurons. Here we consider only excitatory neurons and excitatory connections for the sake of simplicity. See David G. Amaral, Norio Ishizuka, and Brenda Claiborne, “Neurons, Numbers and the Hippocampal Network,” Progress in Brain Research 83 (1990): 7–9.
(3)
David Marr, “Simple Memory: A Theory for Archicortex,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 262, no. 841 (July 1971): 23–81.
(4)
Donald O. Hebb, The Organization of Behavior: A Psychological Theory (New York: Wiley, 1949), 60–66.
(5)
Gyorgy Buzsaki, “Hippocampal Sharp Wave-Ripple: A Cognitive Biomarker for Episodic Memory and Planning,” Hippocampus 25, no. 10 (October 2015): 1075-76.
(6)
CA1 is not completely without recurrent projections, but they are much weaker and directed differently compared to those of CA3. CA1 neurons project along the longitudinal axis (perpendicular to the cross-sectional plane) to connect with CA1 neurons in other cross-sections. Sunggu Yang et al., “Interlamellar CA1 Network in the Hippocampus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 111, no. 35 (September 2014): 12919–24.

الفصل الخامس: اتخاذ القرار على أساس القيمة

(1)
Wolfram Schultz, Peter Dayan, and P. Read Montague, “A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward,” Science 275, no. 5306 (March 1997): 1593–99.
(2)
Schultz, Dayan, and Montague, “A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward,” 1593–99.
(3)
Wolfram Schultz et al., “Reward-Related Activity in the Monkey Striatum and Substantia Nigra,” Progress in Brain Research 99 (1993): 227–35.
(4)
Daeyeol Lee, Hyojung Seo, and Min W. Jung, “Neural Basis of Reinforcement Learning and Decision Making,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 35 (2012): 291–93; Camillo Padoa-Schioppa and Katherine E. Conen, “Orbitofrontal Cortex: A Neural Circuit for Economic Decisions,” Neuron 96, no. 4 (November 2017): 739–42, 745–47.
(5)
Hyunjung Lee et al., “Hippocampal Neural Correlates for Values of Experienced Events,” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 43 (October 2012): 15053–65; Sung-Hyun Lee et al., “Neural Signals Related to Outcome Evaluation Are Stronger in CA1 than CA3,” Frontiers in Neural Circuits 11 (2017): 40; Eric B. Knudsen and Joni D. Wallis, “Hippocampal Neurons Construct a Map of an Abstract Value Space,” Cell 184, no. 18 (September 2021): 4640–50 e10; Saori C. Tanaka et al., “Prediction of Immediate and Future Rewards Differentially Recruits Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loops,” Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 8 (August 2004): 887–93; Katherine Duncan et al., “More Than the Sum of Its Parts: A Role for the Hippocampus in Configural Reinforcement Learning,” Neuron 98, no. 3 (May 2018): 645–57.
(6)
Lee, Seo, and Jung, “Neural Basis of Reinforcement Learning and Decision Making,” 291–93; Eun J. Shin et al., “Robust and Distributed Neural Representation of Action Values,” eLife 10 (April 2021): e53045.
(7)
Lee, Seo, and Jung, “Neural Basis of Reinforcement Learning and Decision Making,” 291–93.
(8)
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus controls our physiology and behavior in accordance with the twenty-four-hour cycle. It is considered the master clock for the entire body.
(9)
Lee et al., “Hippocampal Neural Correlates for Values of Experienced Events,” 15053–65.
(10)
Lee et al., “Neural Signals Related to Outcome Evaluation Are Stronger in CA1 than CA3,” 40.
(11)
Robert J. McDonald and Norman M. White, “A Triple Dissociation of Memory Systems: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Dorsal Striatum,” Behavioral Neuroscience 107, no. 1 (February 1993): 15–18; Mark G. Packard and Barbara J. Knowlton, “Learning and Memory Functions of the Basal Ganglia,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 (2002): 579–83.
(12)
Yeongseok Jeong et al., “Role of the Hippocampal CA1 Region in Incremental Value Learning,” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (June 2018): 9870.
(13)
This is a technique commonly used in neuroscience to activate or silence specific types of cells in the brain. Synthetic proteins are expressed in target cells in a target brain area. The activation of the synthetic proteins by a compound (usually given to an animal by systemic injection) activates or turns off synthetic protein-expressing cells selectively.

الفصل السادس: تَذكُّر مكافآت المستقبل المُجزية

(1)
Min W. Jung et al., “Remembering Rewarding Futures: A Simulation-Selection Model of the Hippocampus,” Hippocampus 28, no. 12 (December 2018): 913–30.
(2)
Sunggu Yang et al., “Interlamellar CA1 Network in the Hippocampus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 111, no. 35 (September 2014): 12919–24.
(3)
Gyorgy Buzsaki, “Hippocampal Sharp Wave-Ripple: A Cognitive Biomarker for Episodic Memory and Planning,” Hippocampus 25, no. 10 (October 2015): 1075-76.
(4)
Federico Stella et al., “Hippocampal Reactivation of Random Trajectories Resembling Brownian Diffusion,” Neuron 102, no. 2 (April 2019): 450–61.
(5)
Matthijs van der Meer, Zeb Kurth-Nelson, and A. David Redish, “Information Processing in Decision-Making Systems,” Neuroscientist 18, no. 4 (August 2012): 352–54; Giovanni Pezzulo et al., “Internally Generated Sequences in Learning and Executing Goal-Directed Behavior,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 2014): 652–54; Andrew M. Wikenheiser and Geoffrey Schoenbaum, “Over the River, through the Woods: Cognitive Maps in the Hippocampus and Orbitofrontal Cortex,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17, no. 8 (August 2016): 521.
(6)
Testing replays of spatial trajectories requires simultaneous recording of a sufficiently large number of place cells (on the order of ten). However, monitoring single place cell activity is sufficient to test reactivation during sharp-wave ripples (i.e., the degree to which a particular place cell is active together with sharp-wave ripples).
(7)
Annabelle C. Singer and Loren M. Frank, “Rewarded Outcomes Enhance Reactivation of Experience in the Hippocampus,” Neuron 64, no. 6 (December 2009): 910–21; David Dupret et al., “The Reorganization and Reactivation of Hippocampal Maps Predict Spatial Memory Performance,” Nature Neuroscience 13, no. 8 (August 2010): 995–1002.
(8)
Brad E. Pfeiffer, and David J. Foster, “Hippocampal Place-Cell Sequences Depict Future Paths to Remembered Goals.” Nature 497, no. 7447 (May 2013): 74–79; H. Freyja Olafsdottir et al., “Hippocampal Place Cells Construct Reward Related Sequences through Unexplored Space,” eLife 4 (June 2015): e06063; R. Ellen Ambrose, Brad E. Pfeiffer, and David J. Foster, “Reverse Replay of Hippocampal Place Cells Is Uniquely Modulated by Changing Reward,” Neuron 91, no. 5 (September 2016): 1124–36; Baburam Bhattarai, Jong W. Lee, and Min W. Jung, “Distinct Effects of Reward and Navigation History on Hippocampal Forward and Reverse Replays,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 117, no. 1 (January 2020): 689–97.
(9)
Lisa Bulganin and Bianca C. Wittmann, “Reward and Novelty Enhance Imagination of Future Events in a Motivational-Episodic Network,” PLoS One 10, no. 11 (2015): e0143477; Matthias J. Gruber et al., “Post-learning Hippocampal Dynamics Promote Preferential Retention of Rewarding Events,” Neuron 89, no. 5 (March 2016): 1110–20.
(10)
Jung et al., “Remembering Rewarding Futures,” 913–30.
(11)
Bruce L. McNaughton, “Neuronal Mechanisms for Spatial Computation and Information Storage,” in Neural Connections, Mental Computations, ed. Lynn Nadel et al. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 305; Edmund T. Rolls, “Functions of Neuronal Networks in the Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex in Memory,” in Models of Brain Function, ed. Rodney M. J. Cotterill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 18–21; James J. Knierim, and Joshua Neunuebel, “Tracking the Flow of Hippocampal Computation: Pattern Separation, Pattern Completion, and Attractor Dynamics,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 129 (March 2016): 39–46.
(12)
Jong W. Lee and Min W. Jung, “Separation or Binding? Role of the Dentate Gyrus in Hippocampal Mnemonic Processing,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 75 (April 2017): 183–91.
(13)
Richard S. Sutton, “Dyna, an Integrated Architecture for Learning, Planning, and Reacting,” ACM Sigart Bulletin 2, no. 4 (1991): 160–63377; Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 230–35.

الفصل السابع: تطور الخيال

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Joseph R. Manns and Howard Eichenbaum, “Evolution of Declarative Memory,” Hippocampus 16, no. 9 (2006): 796–98.
(2)
Verner P. Bingman, Cosme Salas, and Fernando Rodríguez, “Evolution of the Hippocampus,” in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, ed. Marc D. Binder, Nobutaka Hirokawa and Uwe Windhorst (Berlin: Springer, 2009), 1356–60; Christina Herold, Vincent J. Coppola, and Verner P. Bingman, “The Maturation of Research into the Avian Hippocampal Formation: Recent Discoveries from One of the Nature’s Foremost Navigators,” Hippocampus 25, no. 11 (November 2015): 1194–200; Georg F. Striedter, “Evolution of the Hippocampus in Reptiles and Birds,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 524, no. 3 (February 15 2016): 497–507.
(3)
Sara J. Shettleworth, “Spatial Memory in Food-Storing Birds,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 329, no. 1253 (1990): 143–51.
(4)
Jennifer J. Siegel, Douglas Nitz, and Verner P. Bingman, “Lateralized Functional Components of Spatial Cognition in the Avian Hippocampal Formation: Evidence from Single-Unit Recordings in Freely Moving Homing Pigeons,” Hippocampus 16, no. 2 (2006): 125–40; Jennifer J. Siegel, Douglas Nitz, and Verner P. Bingman, “Spatial- Specificity of Single-Units in the Hippocampal Formation of Freely Moving Homing Pigeons,” Hippocampus 15, no. 1 (2005): 26–40.
(5)
Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, and Daniel L. Schacter, “The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124 (March 2008): 20–24, 30.
(6)
Nina Patzke et al., “In Contrast to Many Other Mammals, Cetaceans Have Relatively Small Hippocampi That Appear to Lack Adult Neurogenesis,” Brain Structure and Function 220, no. 1 (January 2015): 361–83.
(7)
Maya Geva-Sagiv et al., “Spatial Cognition in Bats and Rats: From Sensory Acquisition to Multiscale Maps and Navigation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 2 (February 2015): 96, 101-2.
(8)
T. A. Stevens and J. R. Krebs, “Retrieval of Stored Seeds by Marsh Tits Parus Palustris in the Field,” Ibis 128, no. 4 (1986): 513–25.
(9)
Hannah L. Payne, Galen F. Lynch, and Dmitriy Aronov, “Neural Representations of Space in the Hippocampus of a Food-Caching Bird,” Science 373, no. 6552 (July 2021): 343–48.
(10)
Elhanan Ben-Yishay et al., “Directional Tuning in the Hippocampal Formation of Birds,” Current Biology 31, no. 12 (June 2021): 2592–602.e4.

الجزء الثالث: الأساس العصبي للتجريد

الفصل الثامن: التفكير المجرد والقشرة المخية الحديثة

(1)
Howard Eichenbaum et al., “The Hippocampus, Memory, and Place Cells: Is It Spatial Memory or a Memory Space?” Neuron 23, no. 2 (June 1999): 213–15.
(2)
Charles R. Gallistel, The Organization of Learning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 338–40; Sara J. Shettleworth, Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 190–208, 421–55; Christopher Krupenye and Josep Call, “Theory of Mind in Animals: Current and Future Directions,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 10, no. 6 (November 2019): e1503; Caio A. Lage, De Wet Wolmarans, and Daniel C. Mograbi, “An Evolutionary View of Self-Awareness,” Behavioural Processes 194 (January 2022): 104543.
(3)
Carol A. Seger and Earl K. Miller, “Category Learning in the Brain,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 33 (2010): 205–9; Raymond P. Kesner and John C. Churchwell, “An Analysis of Rat Prefrontal Cortex in Mediating Executive Function,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 96, no. 3 (October 2011): 422-23; Sébastien Tremblay, K. M. Sharika, and Michael L. Platt, “Social Decision-Making and the Brain: A Comparative Perspective,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21, no. 4 (April 2017): 269-70; Farshad A. Mansouri, David J. Freedman, and Mark J. Buckley, “Emergence of Abstract Rules in the Primate Brain,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 21, no. 11 (November 2020): 597–602; Prabaha Gangopadhyay et al., “Prefrontal-Amygdala Circuits in Social Decision-Making,” Nature Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (January 2023): 5–13.
(4)
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, ed. Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 110, 127–29, 136–38.
(5)
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 157–59, 178–80.
(6)
Torkel Hafting et al., “Microstructure of a Spatial Map in the Entorhinal Cortex,” Nature 436, no. 7052 (August 2005): 801–6.
(7)
Eric L. Hargreaves et al., “Major Dissociation between Medial and Lateral Entorhinal Input to Dorsal Hippocampus,” Science 308, no. 5729 (June 2005): 1792–94.
(8)
Alexandra O. Constantinescu, Jill X. O’Reilly, and Timothy E. J. Behrens, “Organizing Conceptual Knowledge in Humans with a Gridlike Code,” Science 352, no. 6292 (June 2016): 1464–68; Seongmin A. Park, Douglas S. Miller, and Erie D. Boorman, “Inferences on a Multidimensional Social Hierarchy Use a Grid-Like Code,” Nature Neuroscience 24, no. 9 (September 2021): 1292–301.
(9)
Timothy E. J. Behrens et al., “What Is a Cognitive Map? Organizing Knowledge for Flexible Behavior,” Neuron 100, no. 2 (October 2018): 502–4.
(10)
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 127–29, 136–38.
(11)
Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1949), 16.
(12)
“Gilbert Ryle,” Wikipedia, updated October 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle.
(13)
Note that the cerebellum is also involved in a wide range of cognitive tasks. Richard B. Ivry and Juliana V. Baldo, “Is the Cerebellum Involved in Learning and Cognition?” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2, no. 2 (1992): 214; Maedbh King et al., “Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum Revealed by a Multi-Domain Task Battery,” Nature Neuroscience 22, no. 8 (2019): 1371–78.
(14)
Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al., “The Elephant Brain in Numbers,” Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8 (2014): 46.
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David C. Van Essen, Chad J. Donahue, and Matthew F. Glasser, “Development and Evolution of Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex,” Brain, Behavior and Evolution 91, no. 3 (2018): 159; Suzana Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3 (2009): 31.
(16)
Herculano-Houzel, “The Human Brain in Numbers,” 31.
(17)
Cornelia McCormick et al., “Mind-Wandering in People with Hippocampal Damage,” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 11 (March 2018): 2745–54.
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الفصل التاسع: القشرة الجبهية الأمامية

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الفصل العاشر: الثورة البشرية والتغيرات الدماغية المرتبطة بها

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الفصل الحادي عشر: الشبكة العصبية العميقة

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الجزء الرابع: ما وراء الخيال والتجريد

الفصل الثاني عشر: مشاركة الأفكار والمعرفة من خلال اللغة

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الفصل الثالث عشر: عن الإبداع

(1)
See Anna Abraham, The Neuroscience of Creativity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), and Rex E. Jung and Oshin Vartanian, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
(2)
Abraham, The Neuroscience of Creativity, 9–11; Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Ideas and the Creative Process: Good News and Bad News for the Neuroscience of Creativity,” in The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity, ed. Rex E. Jung and Oshin Vartanian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 9-10.
(3)
Melissa C. Duff et al., “Hippocampal Amnesia Disrupts Creative Thinking,” Hippocampus 23, no. 12 (December 2013): 1143–49.
(4)
Arne Dietrich, “Types of Creativity,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26, no. 1 (February 2019): 1.
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Dietrich, “Types of Creativity,” 3.
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Rex E. Jung et al., “The Structure of Creative Cognition in the Human Brain,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (2013): 330; Roger E. Beaty et al., “Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics,” Trends in Cognitive Science 20, no. 2 (February 2016): 88–93; Oshin Vartanian, “Neuroscience of Creativity,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity, ed. James C. Kaufman and Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 156–59.
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Daniel L. Schacter and Donna Rose Addis, “The Cognitive Neuroscience of Constructive Memory: Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1481 (2017): 773–75.
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Marcela Ovando-Tellez et al., “Brain Connectivity-Based Prediction of Real-Life Creativity Is Mediated by Semantic Memory Structure,” Science Advances 8, no. 5 (February 2022): eabl4294.
(9)
R. Keith Sawyer, Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 153.
(10)
Chunfang Zhou and Lingling Luo, “Group Creativity in Learning Context: Understanding in a Social-Cultural Framework and Methodology,” Creative Education 3, no. 4 (2012): 392; Amanda L. Thayer, Alexandra Petruzzelli, and Caitlin E. McClurg, “Addressing the Paradox of the Team Innovation Process: A Review and Practical Considerations,” American Psychologist 73, no. 4 (2018): 363.
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Rebecca Mitchell, Stephen Nicholas, and Brendan Boyle, “The Role of Openness to Cognitive Diversity and Group Processes in Knowledge Creation,” Small Group Research 40, no. 5 (2009): 535–54; Zhou and Luo, “Group Creativity in Learning Context,” 393; Paul B. Paulus, Jonali Baruah, and Jared B. Kenworthy, “Enhancing Collaborative Ideation in Organizations,” Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018): 2024.
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Simonton, “Creative Ideas and the Creative Process,” 15.
(13)
Alan J. Park et al., “Reset of Hippocampal-Prefrontal Circuitry Facilitates Learning,” Nature 591, no. 7851 (March 2021): 615–19.
(14)
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 71.
(15)
Lalit Kishore, “Kaon Parables for Awakening Intuitive Thinking in Zen Buddhism: An Example,” Speakingtree.in, April 14, 2023, https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/kaon-parables-for-awakening-intuitive-thinking-in-zen-buddhism-an-example.
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Jogye Order Missionary Office, “What Is Koan Contemplation Zen?” Buddhist Newspaper 2296, January 14, 2007, http://www.ibulgyo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=78486.
(17)
Simonton, “Creative Ideas and the Creative Process,” 16.
(18)
Yehuda Wacks and Aviv M. Weinstein, “Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated with Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021): 669042.

الفصل الرابع عشر: مستقبل الابتكار

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Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Extinctions,” Ourworldindata.org, accessed June 21, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/extinctions.
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“Living Planet Report 2022—Building a Nature-Positive Society,” WWF.ca, October 12, 2022, https://wwf.ca/?s=Living+Planet+Report+2022&lang=en.
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Michael Greshko and National Geographic Staff, “What Are Mass Extinctions, and What Causes Them?” National Geographic, September 26, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction; “The ‘Great Dying,’” Geological Society of America, May 19, 2021, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/05/210519163702.htm.
(4)
Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Energy,” Ourworldindata.org, accessed June 21, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/energy; Gioietta Kuo, “When Fossil Fuels Run Out, What Then?” MAHB, May 23, 2019, https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/fossil-fuels-run/.
(5)
Dimitrios Floudas et al., “The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes,” Science 336, no. 6089 (June 2012): 1715–19.
(6)
As an alternative hypothesis, a unique combination of climate (in the tropical wetlands, the massive amount of organic matter produced was slow to decay in the acidic water) and tectonics (the organic matter deposited by crustal thickening during the formation of Pangaea was preserved) has been proposed as the major factor for coal accumulation. Matthew P. Nelsen et al., “Delayed Fungal Evolution Did Not Cause the Paleozoic Peak in Coal Production,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 113, no. 9 (March 2016): 2442–47.
(7)
Myles R. Allen et al., “Framing and Context,” in Global Warming of 1.5°C., ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 51.
(8)
Bruce W. Sellwood and Paul J. Valdes, “Jurassic Climates,” Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 119, no. 1 (2008): 5; Jessica E. Tierney et al., “Glacial Cooling and Climate Sensitivity Revisited,” Nature 584, no. 7822 (2020): 569–73.
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Paul J. Young et al., “The Montreal Protocol Protects the Terrestrial Carbon Sink,” Nature 596, no. 7872 (2021): 384–88.
(10)
David Silver et al., “Reward Is Enough,” Artificial Intelligence 299 (2021): 103535.
(11)
Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin, 2005), 135-36.
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Irving John Good, “Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine,” in Advances in Computers (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966), 33.
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Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near, 24.
(14)
Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near, 28.
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Maclyn McCarty, “Discovering Genes Are Made of DNA,” Nature 421, no. 6921 (2003): 406.
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Richard Evans and Jim Gao, “DeepMind AI Reduces Google Data Centre Cooling Bill by 40 Percent,” DeepMind, July 6, 2016, https://www.deepmind.com/blog/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-by-40.
(17)
Precise durations are unclear; the estimated durations vary across studies.
(18)
Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin, 2005), 135-36.

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