قراءات إضافية

Here I recommend some general introductions that cover the subject in more detail than I do in this book and provide more specific ideas for further reading on the topics discussed in each chapter. Wherever possible, I have recommended books rather than journal articles, as books are easier for most people to get hold of. This section is for the general reader; I have provided information about more technical works for the academic reader in the section entitled ‘References’.

مقدمات عامة لدراسة الانفعالات

For a more comprehensive and more academic, but nonetheless extremely readable, introduction to the study of emotion, you could not do better than to read Keith Oatley and Jennifer M. Jenkins, Understanding Emotions (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). For a more philosophical approach, try Paul Griffiths, What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997) and Peter Goldie, The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Two very accessible accounts of the neuroscience of emotion are Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), and Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: Putnam, 1994; London: Macmillan, 1995). Finally, I warmly recommend Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments; a cheap paperback edition is published by the Liberty Fund (Indianapolis, 1984). Originally published in 1759, Smith’s first book still remains a wonderfully acute study of emotion. It also makes clear that Smith did not believe humans to be essentially selfish creatures, as some have surmised on reading his other book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).

الانفعالات والاختلافات الثقافية

For a defence of the cultural theory of emotion, see Rom Harré (ed.), The Social Construction of Emotion (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986). The essay by Heelas in this volume is a good source of information about culturally specific emotions; Heelas takes the reader on what he calls a ‘Cook’s tour’ of emotions in different cultures. A wonderful account of love in the stone age is provided by Geoffrey Miller in chapter 6 of his book The Mating Mind (London: Heinemann, 2000).

الانفعالات والتطور

An excellent new edition of Darwin’s 1872 work on The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, with notes by Paul Ekman, has recently been published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1998). A summary of more recent evolutionary accounts of emotion is provided by Randolph Nesse in ‘Evolutionary Explanations of Emotions’, Human Nature 1 (1990), 261–89. Lisa Feldman Barrett provides an alternative evolutionary approach in her thought-provoking book How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).

Robert Frank argues persuasively for his innovative theory of higher cognitive emotions in Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions, in which he also describes the experiment about estimating the trustworthiness of strangers (New York and London: Norton, 1988). Daniel Goleman describes work on emotional intelligence in Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1995).

الحالات المزاجية والسعادة

The World Database of Happiness can be accessed online at https://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/. Lewis Wolpert presents a good overall view of depression in Malignant Sadness: The Anatomy of Depression (London: Faber and Faber, 1999).

تأثيرات الانفعالات على الإدراك

An excellent overview of the effects of emotion on cognitive processes is provided by Keith Oatley and Jennifer Jenkins in chapter 9 of their book Understanding Emotions (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), on which I have drawn heavily in writing Chapter 4. For a historical perspective, see the book on rhetoric by Aristotle, Plato’s Gorgias, and volume 6 of the Institutio Oratoria by Quintilian. The Stoics had surprisingly modern things to say about this topic, as Richard Sorabji argues in Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Most of the material referred to in Chapter 4 takes the form of articles published in academic journals. For those without access to such journals, a good sourcebook covering many of the same issues is J. P. Forgas (ed.), Emotion and Social Judgements (Oxford: Pergamon, 1991).

الانفعالات وأجهزة الكمبيوتر

An early overview of theoretical and technical research in how to give computers emotions is provided by Rosalind Picard, Affective Computing (Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1997). For a more general introduction to artificial intelligence, see John Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea (Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1985). Andy Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again (Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1997), provides an excellent overview of recent work in robotics from a philosophical perspective. The connection between consciousness, feelings, and physiology is explored by Nicholas Humphrey in A History of the Mind (New York: Copernicus, 1992).

Last but not least, I recommend Isaac Asimov’s science-fiction story ‘The Bicentennial Man’ which can be found in The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories (New York: Doubleday, 1976). In this story Asimov manages to explore many of the moral dilemmas of giving computers emotions more effectively than any non-fiction account.