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مراجع

الفصل الأول: مقدمة

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  • Hallin, Daniel C. 1998. “Sound bite news.” In Do the media govern? Politicians, voters, and reporters in America, edited by Shanot Iyengar and Richard Reeves. New York: Sage.
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  • Illich, Ivan, and Barry Sanders. 1988. ABC: The alphabetization of the popular mind. San Francisco: North Point Press.
  • Kleinberg, Eliot. 2003. Black cloud: The great Florida hurricane of 1928. New York: Carroll & Graf.
  • Kurtz, Howard. 2002. “Troubled times for network evening news.” Washington Post, March 10, p. A1.
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  • Manguel, Alberto. 1997. A history of reading. New York: Penguin.
  • McChesney, Robert Waterman. 1993. Telecommunications, mass media, and democracy: The battle for the control of U.S. broadcasting, 1928–1935. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  • Pew Internet and American Life Report. 2008. America’s online pursuits. Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trust.
  • Postman, Neil. 1985. Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Viking.
  • Pruitt, Gary. 2000. Roadmap 2005: National vs. regional journalism strategies for a successful future. Philadelphia: Pew Center for Civic Journalism.
  • Rutenberg, Jim. 2001 “CNN aims at young viewers as it revamps news format.” New York Times, August 5, p. A1.
  • Stone, Brad. 2009. “Coffee can wait: Day’s first stop is online.” New York Times, August 10.
  • Sunstein, Cass. 2001. republic.com. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Turow, Joseph. 1997. Breaking up America: Advertisers and the new media world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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  • Williams, Bruce A., and Michael X. Delli Carpini. Forthcoming. After the news: Media regimes and American democracy in the new information environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wills, Gary. 2006. Lincoln at Gettysburg: The words that remade America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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الفصل الثاني: ملكية بيئة الإعلام الجديدة والسيطرة عليها

  • Bagdikian, Ben H. 1992. The media monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Bagdikian, Ben H. 2000. The media monopoly, 6th ed. Boston: Beacon Press.
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  • Barnet, Richard J., and Ronald E. Müller. 1974. Global reach: The power of the multinational corporations. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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  • CNN.com. 2003. “Transcripts: CNN Lou Dobbs Moneyline.” May 12. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0305/12/mlld.00.html.
  • Compaine, Benjamin M. 2001. Communications policy in transition: The Internet and beyond. Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
  • Curran, J., S. Iyengar, A. Brink Lund, and I. Salovaara-Moring. 2009 “Media system, public knowledge and democracy: A comparative study.” European Journal of Communication 24: 5–26.
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  • Downie, Leonard Jr., and Michael Schudson. 2009. “The reconstruction of American journalism.” Columbia Journalism Review (October): www.cjr.org/reconstruction/the_reconstruction_of_american.php.
  • Frank, Thomas. 2000. One market under God: Extreme capitalism, market populism, and the end of economic democracy. New York: Doubleday.
  • Gattuso, James. 2003. The myth of media concentration: Why the FCC’s media ownership rules are unnecessary. Heritage Foundation WebMemo no. 284, May 29. www.heritage.org/Research/InternetandTechnology/wm284.cfm.
  • Gitelman, Lisa. 2006. Always already new: Media, history and the data of culture. Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
  • Google. 2009. “Corporate information: Company overview.” www.google.com/corporate/index.html.
  • Graber, Doris. 1994. Processing the news: How people tame the information tide. New York: University Press of America.
  • Gutierrez, Miren. 2004. “MEDIA: Fewer Players, Less Freedom.” International Press Service (Rome), March 20. www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22950.
  • Hamilton, James. 2004. All the news that’s fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
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  • Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.
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  • Lessig, Lawrence. 2005. Free culture: The nature and future of creativity. New York: Penguin.
  • Leys, Colin. 2001. Market-driven politics: Neoliberal democracy and the public interest. London: Verso.
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  • McChesney, Robert Waterman. 1999a. “Oligopoly: The big media game has fewer and fewer players.” www.lehigh.edu/∼jl0d/J246-02/oligopoly.html.
  • McChesney, Robert Waterman. 1999b. Rich media poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious time. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • McChesney, Robert Waterman. 2008. The communication revolution. New York: New Press.
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  • Nichols, John, and Robert Waterman McChesney. 2009. “The death and life of great American newspapers.” The Nation, March 18.
  • Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The great transformation. New York: Rinehart.
  • Postman, Neil. 1985. Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Viking.
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  • Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2009. “The state of the news media.” Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trust.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rainie, Lee, and Aaron Smith. 2008. “The Internet and the 2008 Election.” Pew Internet and American Life Project, June 15. www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/The-Internet-and-the-2008-Election.aspx.
  • Schiller, Dan. 2007. How to think about information. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
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  • Shirky, Clay. 2008. Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. New York: Penguin.
  • Sontag, Susan. 2003. Regarding the pain of others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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  • Stille, Alexander. 2006. “Silvio’s shadow.” Columbia Journalism Review, September-October.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2001. republic.com. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2006. Infotopia: How many minds produce knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2007. republic.com 2.0. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  • Tapscott, Don, and Anthony D. Williams. 2006. Wikinomics: How mass collaboration changes everything. New York: Portfolio.
  • Trippi, Joe. 2005. The revolution will not be televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the overthrow of everything. New York: Harpers.
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  • Zittrain, Jonathan. 2009. The future of the Internet: and how to stop it. New Haven, C.T.: Yale University Press.
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الفصل الثالث: وسائل الإعلام والديمقراطية

  • Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. 1995. Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.
  • Bennett, W. Lance, Regina Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. 2008. When the press fails: Political power and the news media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Burkeman, Oliver. 2002. “Bloggers catch what Washington Post missed.” Guardian (London), December 21, p. 13.
  • Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. 1992. Media events: The live broadcasting of history. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press.
  • Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1997. What Americans know about politics and why it matters. London: Yale University Press.
  • Dewey, John. 1927. The public and its problems. New York: H. Holt.
  • Entman, Robert M. 1989. Democracy without citizens: Media and the decay of American politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Fiske, John. 1994. Media matters: Everyday culture and political change. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Gary, Brett. 1999. The nervous liberals: Propaganda anxieties from World War I to the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Iyengar, Shanto. 1994. Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1988. News that matters: Television and American opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1993. Dirty politics: Deception, distraction, and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  • Lasswell, Harold D. 1944. “Propaganda.” In Encyclopedia of the social sciences, ed. Edwin R.A. Seligman. New York: Macmillan.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. 1971. Propaganda technique in World War I. Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
  • Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lippman, Walter. 1922. Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • Lippman, Walter. 1925. The phantom public. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • McCombs, M.E., and D.L. Shaw. 1972. “The agenda-setting function of mass media.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36: 176–87.
  • McChesney, Robert Waterman. 1999. Rich media poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious time. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Patterson, Thomas E. 1993. Out of order. New York: Knopf.
  • Postman, Neil. 1985. Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Viking.
  • Prior, Markus. 2005. Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-broadcast democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rosenfeld, Richard N., and William Duane. 1997. American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican returns: The suppressed history of our nation’s beginnings and the heroic newspaper that tried to report it. New York: St. Martin’s. Ryan, Alan. 1997. John Dewey and the high tide of American liberalism. New York: Norton.
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  • Schudson, Michael. 1998. The good citizen: A history of American civic life. New York: Martin Kessler.
  • Smith, Aaron. 2009. “The Internet’s role in campaign 2008,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, April 15. www.pewinternet.org/topics/News.aspx.
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  • Williams, Bruce A., and Michael X. Delli Carpini. Forthcoming. After the news: Media regimes and American democracy in the new information environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.

الفصل الرابع: دراسة الثقافة الشائعة

  • Alasuutari, P., ed. 1999. Rethinking the media audience: The new agenda. London: Sage.
  • Allor, Martin. 1988. “Relocating the site of audience.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 5: 217–33.
  • Ang, Ian. 1996. Living room wars: Rethinking media audiences for a postmodern world. London: Routledge.
  • Bacon-Smith, Camille. 1992. Enterprising women: Television fandom and the creation of popular myth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Bird, Elizabeth. 2003. The audience in everyday life: Living in a media world. New York: Routledge.
  • Brown, Mary Ellen. 1990. Television and women’s culture: The politics of the popular. London: Sage.
  • Brown, Mary Ellen. 1994. Soap opera and women’s talk: The pleasure of resistance. Thousand Oaks, C.A.: Sage.
  • Daley, Suzanne, 1991. “Networks, motherhood and careers.” New York Times, March 4.
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  • Fiske, John. 1991. Television culture. London: Routledge.
  • Fiske, John. 1994. Media matters: Everyday culture and political change. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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  • Gill, R., and E. Herdieckerhoff. 2006. “Rewriting the romance: New femininities in chick lit?” Feminist Media Studies 6(4): 487–504.
  • Gitlin, Todd. 1978. “Media sociology: The dominant paradigm.” Theory and Society 6: 205–53.
  • Gitlin, Todd. 2007. Media unlimited: How the torrent of images and sounds overwhelms our lives. New York: Henry Holt.
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  • Hall, Stuart. 1980. Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79. London: Hutchinson.
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  • Hodge, Bob, and David Tripp. 1986. Children and television: A semiotic approach. Cambridge and Oxford: Polity Press in association with Basil Blackwell.
  • Hogeland, L.M. 2001. “Against generational thinking, or, some things that ‘third wave’ feminism isn’t.” Women’s Studies in Communication 24: 107–21.
  • Jenkins, Henry. 1992. Textual poachers: Television fans & participatory culture. New York: Routledge.
  • Kaplan, E. Ann. 1992. Motherhood and representation: The mother in popular culture and melodrama. London: Routledge.
  • Katz, Elihu, and Paul Felix Lazarsfeld. 1955. Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications. New York: Free Press.
  • Klapper, Joseph T. 1960. The effects of mass communication. Glencoe, I.L.: Free Press.
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  • Kurtz, Howard. 2007. Reality show: Inside the last great television news war. New York: Free Press.
  • Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lewis, Lisa A. 1992. The adoring audience: Fan culture and popular media. London: Routledge.
  • Liebes, Tamar, and Elihu Katz. 1993. The export of meaning: Cross-cultural readings of Dallas. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Liebes, Tamar, and Sonia Livingstone. 1994. “The structure of family and romantic ties in the soap opera: An ethnographic approach.” Communication Research 21: 717–41.
  • Livingstone, Sonia. 2003a. “Children’s use of the Internet: Reflections on the emerging research agenda.” New Media Society 5: 147–66.
  • Livingstone, Sonia M. 2003b. “The changing nature of audiences.” In The Blackwell companion to media research, edited by A.N. Valdivia, pp. 337–59. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Livingstone, Sonia M., and Moira Bovill. 2001. Children and their changing media environment: A European comparative study. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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  • McRobbie, Angela. 2004. “Post-feminism and popular culture.” Feminist Media Studies 4: 255–64.
  • Morley, David. 1992. Television, audiences, and cultural studies. London: Routledge.
  • Pecora, Norma Odom, John P. Murray, and Ellen Wartella. 2007. Children and television: Fifty years of research. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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  • Press, Andrea Lee. 1991. Women watching television: Gender, class, and generation in the American television experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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  • Silverstone, Roger. 1994. Television and everyday life. London: Routledge.
  • Skeggs, Bev, Nancy Thumim, and Helen Wood. 2008. “‘Oh goodness, I am watching reality TV’: How methods make class in audience research.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 11: 5–24.
  • Vidmar, Neil, and Milton Rokeach. 1974. “Archie Bunker’s bigotry: A study in selective perception and exposure.” The Journal of Communication 24: 36–47.
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الفصل الخامس: دراسة الفوارق الاجتماعية

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  • Adorno, Theodor W. 1954b. “Television and the patterns of mass culture.” The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television 8: 213–35.
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الفصل السادس: دراسة النصوص الإعلامية وتلقِّيها في بيئة الإعلام الجديدة

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